4. The synthesis of fatty acids and their breakdown by Boxidation occur by separate pathways. Compare the two paths by filling in the blanks below. (Some blanks may require more than one answer.) Synthesis Boxidation Thiol activating group Electron carrier coenzyme(s) Basic units added or removed Cellular location of process in mammals
Q: 5. Amino acid methionine is used as medicine due to its lipotropic eflect («removeS» fat excess from…
A: Introduction- Amino acids are the molecules which together combines and make the protein, they are…
Q: .Energy from an ATP molecule is released during what processes? A. the first phosphate group is…
A: Thank you for the question. As per our guidelines, we can only one question at a time. As you have…
Q: 16. ATP is synthesized from ADP by which process? 1. Dehydration synthesis 2. Oxidative…
A: The process of ATP synthesis occurs inside mitochondria as it is an aerobic process .
Q: Choose which statement describes an anabolic (synthesis) reaction. Select all that apply. A molecule…
A: An anabolic process involves the process of synthesis of complex cellular macromolecules from…
Q: 1. Describe the structure of a nucleotide.
A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you according to our…
Q: 4. Glycolysis takes place in the: _____ A) nucleus B) lysosome C) cytoplasm D) mitochondria 6.…
A: Glycolysis is the pathway in which glucose is converted into pyruvate. It is an oxygen-independent…
Q: 1) The diagram of cellular respiration and its fuels is shown below. Fill in the boxes with the…
A:
Q: Liver and other organ meats contain large quantities of nucleic acids. In the course of digestion,…
A: Ribose is a simple pentose sugar and a type of carbohydrate. The molecular formula of ribose is…
Q: Beta-oxidation and fatty acid synthesis are similar in that: O Both involve NADP*/NADPH. O Both…
A: Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of…
Q: Which of the following reactions takes place by dehydration synthesis? Which of them takes place by…
A: Some polymerization reactions are accompanied with the loss of water molecules at each step. Such…
Q: 18. Where is the energy stored in ADP? a) Between the first and second phosphate bond Between the…
A: Cell biology : it is the branch of biology that studies the structure, function and behavior of…
Q: 8. Which statement about ATP is FALSE? The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pj is an exergonic reaction.…
A: ATP, adenosine triphosphate, is a source of energy for many chemical processes and biological…
Q: The glycosidic linkage that forms can be between glucose molecules can be either alpha or beta…
A: In a polymer alpha 1,4 linkage is present between C1 and C’4 carbon of the two monosaccharides and…
Q: 4. Which of the following is an example for group specificity? a) Trypsin hydrolyzing peptide…
A: Group specificity - It implies that the enzyme will catalyze a particular reaction on the function…
Q: a. Draw b furanose b. A polysaccharide which is a major constituent in the exoskeleton of…
A: NOTE: Subpart (a) must have β-furanose and not b furanose. Carbohydrates are biomolecules that are…
Q: . Make a whole diagram about protein metabolism
A: Proteins are the macromolecules composed of amino acids bound together by peptide bond between amino…
Q: The enzyme responsible for alpha 1,4-glycosidic linkage during glycogen synthesis is ( )…
A: Glucose is stored as glycogen in tissue. Glycogen is branched polysaccharide in which glucose…
Q: Which of the following molecules can be oxidized toproduce ATP?a. amino acids d. complex…
A: ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate is the energy currency of cells in almost all living organisms. Be it…
Q: 1- The precursor to glycogen in the glycogen synthase reaction is: A) Glucose-1-P. B) Glucose-6-P.…
A: Glycogen synthase is the enzyme that is responsible for the synthesis of glycogen from glucose.…
Q: Which of the following best characterizes ANABOLISM? 1.It is largely exergonic reaction because it…
A: The process of metabolism encompasses both anabolism and catabolism.
Q: Which of the following substances ATP, CoA-SH, FAD and NAD+ have the subunits in their structure?…
A: FAD/FADH2, NAD+/NADH, and NADP+/NADPH are cellular electron carriers and ATP is the energy currency…
Q: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency of the cell in any metabolic activity of the…
A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a three-phosphate nucleotide. The addition of phosphorous to the…
Q: 1. Anaerobic glycolysis of which of these produces 3 ATPS per unit glucose consumed? a. Amino acid…
A: Enzymes required in anaerobic glycolysis and involved in substrate level phosphorylation are:- 1,3…
Q: Oxidation of organic compounds that produced carbon dioxide, water and release of free energy…
A: Oxidation of organic compound that gives carbon dioxide, water and free energy that causing…
Q: 1.Compare the structures of ATP to these nucleic acids: cAMP, dinucleotides, RNA, DNA. Your…
A: Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. The DNA and RNA stand for deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic…
Q: 10. Which choice(s) correctly describe this fatty acid? A. It is an omega-3 fatty acid. B. It is a…
A: Fatty acids are the long-chain lipid carboxylic acids found in the body. these are two types based…
Q: Describe the type of reactions that NAD+ and NADPH are involved in 2. List the four different…
A: 1.) To regulate glycolysis and fermentation. Glycolysis uses hydrogen from glucose to reduce NAD +…
Q: m or carbohydrate. They and all other organisms use energy stored in sugars to power various…
A: Introduction: The living organism that prepare their food by own are known as autotrophs. They are…
Q: a. Porphobilinogen is a precuror to the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and many other biological…
A: Porphobilinogen is an organic compound that is found in living beings. It is basically an…
Q: 1) Answer the following questions about a Vegetarian diet: a) List Pros and Cons of being on the…
A: A vegetarian diet focuses on plants for food. Although the animal products (such as milk) are…
Q: 4. What happened when ATP is broken down? A.Energy is released C. energy is lost B.Energy is…
A: When a cell requires energy to complete a task, the ATP molecule divides one of its three…
Q: 18. Where is the energy stored in ADP7 Between the first and second phosphate bond b) Between the…
A:
Q: Peptide Bond 1) Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to…
A: The above diagram shows peptide bond formation which makes the protein during the process of…
Q: 1. Name the process by which rice can become porridge or congee. Give details of the process in…
A: 1. By process called 'boiling' rice can become porridge or congee. Congee is a thick porridge ,made…
Q: CCCCCC oGucose FLUD ATP CYTOSOL ADP The atoms in each molecule are reananged, releasing a molecule…
A: The above flowchart shows the process of glycolysis. Glycolysis is one of the step of complete…
Q: 1. Select one catabolic and one anabolic reaction from the metabolic pathways and address the role…
A: 1. Hi! Thanks for your question. As you have posted multiple questions and have not mentioned which…
Q: 3. Humans produce the enzyme amylase. This enzyme breaks down starch, a complex carbohydrate found…
A: The process of digestion refers to the breakdown of large, insoluble, and complex food materials…
Q: 4. Simple enzymes have inorganic cofactors, and conjugated enzymes have organic cofactors. 5.…
A: 4. Enzymes are bio-catalysts. They speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy required by…
Q: 4. The bonds between the carbon atoms in unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids helps to fluidity…
A: Phospholipids are lipid molecules present in plasma membrane. Phospholipids contains a phosphate…
Q: 4. The structure of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is shown to the left. It CH,OH Н— он resembles like a…
A: Vitamin C is an organic compound that functions as an antioxidant, helps in wound healing by…
Q: 1) The end product of glycolysis in the cytoplasm is pyruvate. Under aerobic conditions, it makes…
A: Note: For remaining answers please Repost The Question. Introduction: The process of breakdown of…
Q: Vitamin A mostly function as what? a. active site b. enzyme c. substrate d. coenzyme It is a very…
A: Retinol, retinal, and other provitamin A carotenoids are among the unsaturated nutritional organic…
Q: 1. All oxygen inhaled by animals and transported around their bodies is destined for specific…
A: The cellular respiration involves breakdown of glucose and production of energy in the form of ATP.…
Q: 3. The figure below represents a pathway of cellular respiration. glucose АТР hexose phosphate D.…
A: In the given pathway, glucose or hexose, or carbohydrate are phosphorylated into hexose…
Q: 4. Observe the following diagram carefully and answer the following questions. (a) Identify the "B"…
A: Biomolecules are molecules that are associated with the biochemical reactions in cells. Cells…
Q: The function of cholesterol in a cell membrane is to A.maintain structure because of its flat…
A: The phospholipid bilayer membrane is defined as the type of biological membrane and it consists of…
Q: 1. During glycolysis, a six carbon glucose molecule is broken down into 2 three carbon molecules of…
A: Note - According to our guideline we have to answer one one question with 3 subpart. So please…
Q: The acroonym 'OIL RIG' in reference to redox reactioons is ment to remind us that; a) Oligomers…
A: A redox reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred between…
Q: molecule. Which of the following fatty acids is an omega-3 fatty acid? bond starting with the third…
A: Since there are multiple questions and which question is to be solved has not been specified, as…
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 1 images
- 8. The enzyme thiolase catalyzes one step in the ß-oxidation of saturated fats. One portion of the mechanism for this reaction is shown below. Describe the catalytic mechanism at work. (Note: "SCOA" is shorthand for the compound Acetyl-CoA) RCOCH₂COSCoA + HSCOA → H3C₂OSC0A + RCOSCOA HN NH CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ FS Grease NH3 H-SCO A NH CH2 CH₂ NH3 S Co A CH₂ NH 1 3 H-SCO A H3C SCO A NH3 a h-SCOA R-C S Co A CH₂ CH₂ C H₂ 0=0 HN NH + NH3 H₂C HN CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ 2 S Co A CH₂ NH NH4. Consider the structure shown below. Give one cycle of the reactions of the - oxidation of fatty acids. Show all the structures of the compounds involved; indicate whether the reactions are reversible or not; show the use or generation of co-factors wherever it occurs.1. Explain the reaction mechanism involved how glucogenic amino acids can yield either a pyruvic acid or an oxaloacetic acid. In what pathway will pyruvic or oxaloacetic acid be used and why is this pathway important? 2. Discuss the reaction mechanism involved how the -NH2 groups of amino acids are being metabolized. 3. Explain why gluconeogenesis under conditions of starvation or diabetes breaks down body proteins. Complete answer please. Thank you. |
- 1) Tabulate the differences and/ or similarities of the different kinds of coenzymes and cofactors. Structure Source ATP SAM COA Retinal THF- tetrahydrofolate Vitamin K NAD, NADP FMN, FAD TPP PLP Adenosylcobalamin methylcobalamin and Function/ Role/ Importance1. Outline the first round of lipid catabolism using a C18 saturated fatty acid. Indicate cofactors and type of chemistry that takes place. a. How much NADH, FADH2 and ACCOA are you getting from complete catabolism of this fatty acid? b. How many moles of ATP are you getting from the breakdown of this fatty acid? Keep in mind that in the mitochondria 1 mole FADH2 gives about 1.5 moles of ATP while 1 mole NADH yields about 2.5 moles of ATP.The function of the enzyme acyl CoA synthetase is ATP-dependent activation of fatty acids using CoA O ATP-dependent reduction prior to activation O lipolysis to release free glyceraldehyde O for UDP activation isomerization of C=C in unsaturated fatty acids
- 2. Short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate are absorbed by the mammalian intestine and used as metabolic fuels. How many ATP can be derived from the complete oxidation of butyrate? Please show me detailed solution.i. How dihydroxyacetone phosphate is formed from glycerol? Write the chemical reactions. a& ii. What product is formed by the reaction of B-glucose with ATP? OH HO Ho Hexokinase OH ATP OH OH Glucose iii. Why saturated fatty acids haye high melting points than their unsaturated counterparts? naà k7NH, This compound is directly involved in: он O=P-0-CH, H но OmP-0- O oxidizing an alcohol in the conversion of sucrose to fructose. O the synthesis of malonyl coenzyme A. reducing a ketone in gluconeogenesis. reducing a C=C double bond in fatty-acid synthesis.
- Compound A below is a key intermediate in the synthesis of keto-myo-inositol B. Suggest a synthetic route for the preparation of A from D-glucose C giving structures for all of the intermediates in your scheme. Ph3CO. Но, HO HO HO, HO 'HO. ОН ОН Ph CH3 А В(d) of glucose oxidation in diabetic human patients treated with Metformin (●) and in (nondiabetic) control human patients (0). At –150 min both groups of subjects were started on an intravenous feed of 3-(®H)-glucose, and at t = 0 min they were started on an oral glucose tolerance test whereby a measured amount of glucose in water (a syrupy mixture) was swallowed followed by measure- ment of blood glucose levels at 30 min intervals. The flux of glucose oxidation was measured by the appear- ance of 3H2O in the blood stream. While the information The diagram to the right compares the rate 8000 ORAL GLUCOSE 6000- 4000- 2000- -120 -60 60 120 180 240 300 Minutes cannot be directly extracted from the reaction mecha- nism diagrams in the textbook, the glycolytic step in which the tritium is first released into water is that catalyzed by TPI, as illustrated at the beginning of Question #3. Explain why this step is suitable for measuring the flux of glycolysis through the release of °H…3. Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI) catalyzes the movement of a single proton to interconvert dihy- droxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The enzyme, a dimer of identical subunits that are 248 amino acids in humans, has no cofactors, required metal ions, or cooperativity between subunits. The enzyme is found in all tissues. The value of Kcat/KM - 9.2 x 106 sec-'M-1 is close to the rate constant expected for a diffusion-limited reaction. The mechanism of the proton transfer is illustrated in the diagram below. Glu-165 Giu-165 Glu-165 ks HR H 20,PO HO, OH His-95 His-95 His-95 (a) ing structural formulas and naming enzymes and glycolytic intermediates, the reactions of the payoff phase. Consider only anerobic glycolysis. Remember that each glucose molecule yields two mole- cules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP). Indicate the net yield of ATP and NADH generated through anaerobic glycolysis per glucose molecule. The reaction catalyzed by…
