4. State KCL and KVL 5. Find currents and voltages in the circuit shown in Figure 2. 30 V 13 80 + 21 12 + + 302 602 Figure 2 6. Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit in Figure 3 below.

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KVL and KCL

KVL stands for Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL states that the total voltage drops around the loop in any closed electric circuit is equal to the sum of total voltage drop in the same closed loop.

Sign Convention

Science and technology incorporate some ideas and techniques of their own to understand a system skilfully and easily. These techniques are called conventions. For example: Sign conventions of mirrors are used to understand the phenomenon of reflection and refraction in an easier way.