33.) The osmotlc pressure of the system is: (a) 1 atm (b) 0.016 atm (c) 6.5 X 105 atm (d) 22.59 atm (e) 0.0016 atm

1. Given the following concentrations: K* Na* ICF 140 mM 14 mM 10 mM ECF 5 mM 145 mM 140 mM Calculate the equilibrium potentials of K, Na and Cl using the Nernst equation. EK = ENa = ECi =

21. A healthy person receives a series of intravenous infusions of anionic dextran with different effective molecular radii. Which of the following labeled curves shows the effect of molecular radius on the fractional excretion of anionic dextran in this person's urine? Fractional excretion of dextran (%) A) 1.0- 0.9- 0.8- 0.7 0.6- 0.5- 0.4- 0.3- 0.2- 0.1- 0 B C Neutral dextran * A 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Effective molecular radius (A°) OB) OC) OD)

14) If the density of propanol is 0.828 g/mL and a sample of propanol has a mass of 14.5 g, what is the volume of that sample in liter? (Volume=mass/density) 17.51 |

29. A 3-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of lethargy. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. The results of laboratory studies are shown: Serum Na+ CI- A) Angiotensin-converting enzyme B) Aquaporin C) 11a-Hydroxylase D) Renin E) Vasopressin receptors Osmolality Specific gravity Osmolality Urine 165 mEq/L (N=139-146) 130 mEq/L (N=95-105) 334 mOsmol/kg H₂O (N=282-295) 1.001 117 mOsmol/kg H₂O (N>200) He is admitted to the hospital. His urine output is increased. His serum ADH (vasopressin) concentration is 24 pg/mL (N=1-5); aldosterone and renin concentrations are within the referenc ranges. The urine osmolality remains unchanged after administration of 1-deamino-8-arginine vasopressin. An MRI of the brain and pituitary gland shows no abnormalities. Ultrasonograp shows normal kidneys. The most likely underlying cause of the findings in this patient is a defect in which of the following?

Consider the two solutions separated by an ideal semipermeable membrane (permeable to water but impermeable to solute).  Assuming complete dissociation of all the salts you can expect: a.) net water movement from side 1 to side 2 b.) net water movement from side 2 to side 1 c.) no net water movement

Plasma contains more sodium than chloride. How can this be if individual ions of sodium and chloride exactly balance each other out, and plasma is electrically neutral?

3. In a normal frequency distribution of serum sodium concentrations, the mean is 141 mEq/L and the standard deviation is 3.2 mEq/L. Which of the following most closely represents the percentage of values in the interval between 137.8 mEq/L and 144.2 mEq/L? A) 25% B) 50% C) 65% D) 95% E) 99%

23. If a healthy person is given an infusion of hypertonic saline (3% NaCl), which of the following findings in plasma is most likely? OA) Plasma [ADH(vasopressin)] pg/mL 10 B) 5-E 0- DK 300 C 280 290 Plasma osmolality (mOsmol/L) O Control before infusion C) B 310 D) OE)

4.1 11 (a) Define a buffer solution (b) What are the components of (i) an acidic buffer ? (ii) a basic buffer?