3. Now for the citric acid cycle, it is time to follow the carbons! Using labeled pyruvate:14CH3¹³COCOO- trace the fate of that pyruvate ¹when added to respiring mitochondria.a.After one turn of the citric acid cycle what is the location of each labeled carbon? Showthis by drawing the structural formulas for the TCA intermediates.What is the consequence of the metabolism of succinate with respect to the labeled atoms?Cellular respiration can be studied in isolated mitochondria by measuring oxygenconsumption under different conditions. If 0.01 M sodium malonate is added to actively respiringmitochondria that are using pyruvate as fuel source, respiration soon stops, and a metabolicintermediate accumulates. What is the name and structure of this intermediate?Why does it accumulate? What is sodium malonate doing and how?b.C.d. (e. IExplain.Aside from removal of the malonate, how can this inhibition of respiration be overcome?

Citric acid cycle is a metabolic pathway that regenerates oxaloacetate from citrate. Acetyl CoA from…

Answered: 3. Now for the citric acid cycle, it is…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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3, Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation, as completely as possible. In your description, include the terms NADH, FADH2, ATP, mitochondria (or mitochondrial), glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, electron (or electrons), proton (or protons), and oxygen. In your description, account for how ATP molecules get produced, and how many ATP molecules are produced per FADH2 and NADH (note: NADH from outside the mitochondria generate a different number of ATP compared to NADH inside the mitochondria.
6. Fill in the following blanks for how many of the following products would be generated under aerobic conditions from 1 molecule of pyruvate if a competitive inhibitor of succinyl- CoA synthetase was present in the citric acid cycle? (consider only the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA and the TCA cycle, do not consider oxidative phosphorylation reactions or reactions beyond the TCA cycle). i. CO, ii. GTP iii. NADH iv. FADH, V. Oxaloacetate
1. Using electron flow arrows, show electron transfer from nadh to fmn in complex 1 of the electron transport chain. 2. From step 3 to 4 of transketolase TPP is eliminated, and S7P is yielded and regenerated. Show steps 3 to 4 with the complete arrow pushing mechanism for both steps and all figures drawn.
1. Eukaryotic cells primarily utilize glucose (CH206) for cellular respiration. However, they can 'burn' other energy rich compounds through conversion to glycolytic intermediates followed by complete combustion to CO, and H;0. Based on their structural formulas and your knowledge of the glycolytic, TCA, and electron transport pathways, which of the substances below releases more energy on complete combustion to CO: and H:0? Be as specific as possible. CH,OH ÇH2OH OH но он HỌ CH2OH он ÓH он
2
7. Flow of carbon atoms. What is the fate of the radioac- tive label when each of the following compounds is added to a cell extract containing the enzymes and cofac- tors of the glycolytic pathway, the citric acid cycle, and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? (The ¹4C label is printed in red.) (a) (c) H3C H3C O C. O C. COO COO- (b) (d) H3C H₂C O C. O C. (e) Glucose 6-phosphate labeled at C-1. COO™ S-COA
Biochemists consider the citric acid cycle to be the cen-tral reaction sequence in metabolism. One of the key steps isan oxidation catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenaseand the oxidizing agent NAD. Under certain conditions, thereaction in yeast obeys 11th-order kinetics Rate=k[enzyme][isocitrate]⁴[AMP]²[NAD⁺]m[Mg²⁺]² What is the order with respect to NAD⁺?
2
4. As stated in your textbook, the first two reactions in glycolysis associated with unfavorable AG° values, i.e., AG° > 0, both produce a product with high phosphoryl group transfer potential. (ATP formation is not considered here.) Compare the two reactions and describe what the driving force is for both reactions that allows glycolysis to proceed to formation of pyruvate.
In oxidative phosphorylation (mark all that are true)... Choice 1 of 7:Succinate contributes 2e- to Complex II and 2H+ to the mitochondrial proton gradient. Choice 2 of 7:NADH in the matrix passes 2 e- to coenzyme Q via Complex I. Choice 3 of 7:Complexes I, II, III, and IV each contribute to the matrix proton gradient. Choice 4 of 7:O2 stabilizes the catalytically active conformation of Complex V. Choice 5 of 7:Reversible protonation of c subunits leads to rotation of the Complex V gamma subunit. Choice 6 of 7:Each β subunit can bind ATP tightly under the right conditions. Choice 7 of 7:For every 3 protons that pass across the inner mitochondrial membrane, 1 ATP is produced. Below are screenshots of the answer from two different sources (for your consideration)
27. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle comprise two different sets of oxidation reactions. The reaction sequence for glycolysis is linear, whereas the reaction sequence for the citric acid cycle forms a circle. How does this difference in the arrangement of reactions influence the rate of these processes when an excess amount of a single intermediate is added?
12.The two carbons in an acetyl-CoA are released as CO, only in the second turn of the citric acid cycle. Explain why this is so.

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