3. Now for the citric acid cycle, it is time to follow the carbons! Using labeled pyruvate: 14CH3¹3COCOO- trace the fate of that pyruvate 'when added to respiring mitochondria. a. After one turn of the citric acid cycle what is the location of each labeled carbon? Show this by drawing the structural formulas for the TCA intermediates. b. What is the consequence of the metabolism of succinate with respect to the labeled atoms? Cellular respiration can be studied in isolated mitochondria by measuring oxygen consumption under different conditions. If 0.01 M sodium malonate is added to actively respiring mitochondria that are using pyruvate as fuel source, respiration soon stops, and a metabolic intermediate accumulates. What is the name and structure of this intermediate? Why does it accumulate? What is sodium malonate doing and how? C. d. ( e. I Explain. Aside from removal of the malonate, how can this inhibition of respiration be overcome?

Biochemists consider the citric acid cycle to be the cen-tral reaction sequence in metabolism. One of the key steps isan oxidation catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenaseand the oxidizing agent NAD. Under certain conditions, thereaction in yeast obeys 11th-order kinetics Rate=k[enzyme][isocitrate]⁴[AMP]²[NAD⁺]m[Mg²⁺]² What is the order with respect to NAD⁺?

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4. As stated in your textbook, the first two reactions in glycolysis associated with unfavorable AG° values, i.e., AG° > 0, both produce a product with high phosphoryl group transfer potential. (ATP formation is not considered here.) Compare the two reactions and describe what the driving force is for both reactions that allows glycolysis to proceed to formation of pyruvate.

In oxidative phosphorylation (mark all that are true)... Choice 1 of 7:Succinate contributes 2e- to Complex II and 2H+ to the mitochondrial proton gradient. Choice 2 of 7:NADH in the matrix passes 2 e- to coenzyme Q via Complex I. Choice 3 of 7:Complexes I, II, III, and IV each contribute to the matrix proton gradient. Choice 4 of 7:O2 stabilizes the catalytically active conformation of Complex V. Choice 5 of 7:Reversible protonation of c subunits leads to rotation of the Complex V gamma subunit. Choice 6 of 7:Each β subunit can bind ATP tightly under the right conditions. Choice 7 of 7:For every 3 protons that pass across the inner mitochondrial membrane, 1 ATP is produced.   Below are screenshots of the answer from two different sources (for your consideration)

27. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle comprise two different sets of oxidation reactions. The reaction sequence for glycolysis is linear, whereas the reaction sequence for the citric acid cycle forms a circle. How does this difference in the arrangement of reactions influence the rate of these processes when an excess amount of a single intermediate is added?

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11. Chambers and coworkers have reported [NAD*] and [NADH] concentrations in yeast mitochondria as 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. Consider the Malate Dehydrogenase reaction below: Malate + NAD* → Oxaloacetate + NADH + H* AG° = +29.7 kJ/mol If Malate concentration in yeast mitochondria is 0.4 mM what is the maximum concentration of oxaloacetate needed to make the reaction exergonic at pH 7.0 and 37°C? А. 7.14 х 105 В. 2.04 х 104 С. 8.17 х 106 D. 5.45 x 108 Е. 2.63 х 107 F. 4.69 x 108 G. 4.90 X107 Н. 3.13 х 106 I. 5.05 х 106

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8 In oxidative phosphorylation, a chemical agent that prevents the enzymatic activity of F1 would directly [1], whereas a chemical agent that inhibits interaction of ubiquinone with Fe-S centres would directly___[2]. Select one: 1 = Uncouple phosphorylation from electron transport; 2 = Inhibit ATP synthesis O b. 1 = Inhibit ATP synthesis; 2 = Uncouple phosphorylation from electron transport C. 1 = Inhibit electron transfer; 2 = Inhibit ATP synthesis d. 1 = Inhibit ATP synthesis; 2 = Inhibit electron transfer OOO Report question issue Note