3. According to Chargaff's rules of base pairing, adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil in RNA) and cytosine pairs with guanine. Explain how chemically altering bases, like deamination, can lead to mispairing.

47. Define, in the context of DNA structure, "topological bonds."

1d) What amino acid would a tRNA with the anticodon 5'AGG3' carry?

Given the following diagram of how protein AWESOME1 binds to it's target DNA, describe the potential effects of each of the 5 mutations shown below. The wild-type sequence of a helix #1 is also shown in the blue box, and all the mutations are in helix #1 (see numbers for identifying particular residues). a helix #1 R(1)-V-I-L-Y-F-W-I-M-Y-F-S-H-Y-W-R(16) #1 Predict the consequence of the following mutations: 1) Arg(1) to Glu 2) Arg(1) to Ala 3) Phe(6) to lle 4) Trp(7) to Phe 5) Met(9) to Pro in

How would the uniform 2 nm diameter of DNA be affected iftwo purines or two pyrimidines could pair with each other?

6. You are performing site-directed mutagenesis to test predictions about which residues are critical for the function of a protein. Which of each pair of amino acid substitutions below would you expect to disrupt protein structure the most? Briefly explain your answers. (a) Ile replaced by Leu or Tyr (b) Val replaced by Ala or Phe (c) Lys replaced by Asp or Arg