3. A 60.0-kg person jumps onto the floor from a height of 3.00 m. If he lands stiffly (with his knee joints compressing by 0.500 cm), calculate the force on the knee joints. THERMODYNAMICS Work and Energy M Theory 1. First law of thermodinamics AQ = AU + AW The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy The first law is often formulated by stating that the change in the internal energy AU of a closed system is equal to the amount of heat supplied to the system AQ, minus the amount of work done AW by the system on its surroundings. Units of work and energy are Joules(J) and calories (cal). Relationship between units 1 cal = 4.18 J and 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 4180 J ту? here m is mass of a body (kg), v – speed of its motion(m/sec). Kinetic energy (J): KE = 2 2. 3. Gravitational potential energy(J): PE = mgh, here m is mass of the body (kg); g = 9,8 m/sec? is acceleration due to gravity; h is height (m). 4. Work W (J): Formally, the work done on a system by a constant force is defined to be the product of the component of the force in the direction of motion times the distance through which the force acts. For one-way motion in one dimension, this is expressed in equation form as: W = FAxcos0 , where W is work, Ax is the displacement of the system, and 0 is the angle between the force vector F and the displacement vector Ax. 5. Work – Energy theorem: The principle of work and kinetic energy (also known as the work-energy theorem) states that the work done by the sum of all forces acting on a particle equals the change in the mv? kinetic energy of the particle: W = AKE = "- , here v, is final velocity and v¡ is initial velocity. Let us calculate the work done in lifting an object of mass m through a height h. If the object is lifted straight up at constant speed, then the force needed to lift it is equal to its weight mg. The work done on the mass is: W = APE = mgAh, here m is mass of the body (kg); g = 9,8 m/sec² is acceleration due to gravity; Ah is change in height. 6. Power P (W) is rate at which work is done: P = ", where W is work (J) and t is time. 7. Efficiency Even though energy is conserved in an energy conversion process, the output of useful energy or work will be less than the energy input. The efficiency 7 of an energy conversion process defined as ŋ = is where W is useful energy or work output, E is total energy input, Q is heat or thermal w-Q energy. 8. Energy conversion in humans Our own bodies, like all living organisms, are energy conversion machines. Conservation of energy implies that the chemical energy stored in food is converted into work, thermal energy, and/or stored as chemical energy in fatty tissue. The fraction going into each form depends both on how much we eat and on our level of physical activity. If we eat more than is needed to do work and stay warm, the remainder goes into body fat. carbohydrates and proteins K, = 17,2 kJ/g =4.11 Cal/g fat K2 = 38,9 kJ/g = 9.3 Cal/g. Wne (negative) Work OE, Food Thermal energy energy OE, Stored fat OE + Wne = OE, 9. Metabolic rate for selected activities The amount of energy consumed by a person depends on the person's weight and build. It has been found, however, that the amount of energy consumed by a person during a given activity divided by the surface area of the person's body is approximately the same for most people. Therefore, the energy consumed for various activities is usually quoted in Cal/m²-hr. This rate is known as the metabolic rate. 10. Energy consumption E = MR · A · t, here MR is metabolic rate (Cal/m²·hr), A is surface area (m²) and t is time (sec). 11. Surface area of body A (m²): A = 0,202m0425 H0,725 ,here m is the weight of the person in kilograms, and H is the height of the person in meters. Metabolic rate (Ca/m²-hr) Activity Sleeping Lying awake Sitting upright Standing Walking (3 mph) Moderate physical work Bicycling Running Shivering 35 40 50 60 140 150 250 600 250

4. A wooden board of mass M and length L is hung from the ceiling by two massless wires attached to its two ends. A block of mass m is placed on the board. The two wires are of the same length. (a) the two wires is equal to each other? (b) along the board? (c) other. The thick wire can just sustain the maximum tension in part (b) while the thin wire can only sustain half of it. What is the requirement on the position of the block to avoid breaking the wires? Where is the block placed if it is known that the tension in What is the minimum and maximum of tension in the wires as we move the block Now assume M = 10 kg, m = 15 kg, and that one of the wires is thinner than the

L GAS A 48.0 kg sign hangs at the end of a bar where L = 3.10 meters in length. A cable attaches to the end of the horizontal bar and to a wall 2.60 meters above where the bar is attached to the wall. The bar has a mass of 12-kg. What is the tension in the cable? Give your answer in Newtons to 3 significant figures (no decimal places in this case).

To strengthen his arm and chest muscles, a 79-kg athlete 2.0 m tall is doing a series of push-ups as shown in the figure below (Eigure 1). His center of mass is 1.15 m from the bottom of his feet, and the centers of his palms are 30.0 cm from the top of his head. Figure -2.0m 1 of 1 30.0 cm Find the force that the floor exerts on each of his feet, assuming that both feet exert the same force. Express your answer in newtons. F= Submit Part B F= [5] ΑΣΦ Submit Request Answer Find the force that the floor exerts on each of his hands, assuming both palms exert the same force. Express your answer in newtons. 1971 ΑΣΦ Request Answer ? N N