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- (I) Name the four key stages of the mechanism of biological damage due to radiation. (II) Briefly describe the four key stages. A one- or two-sentence explanation for each of the four key stages of the biological damage would be sufficient.430 rads of αα-particle radiation is equivalent to how many rads of X-rays in terms of biological damage?If 6 Gy of 250 kV x-rays kills 30% of tumor cells, and 4 Gy of a neutron beam kills the same percent of tumor cells, the RBE of the neutron beam is equal to
- Food is often irradiated with either x rays or electron beams to help prevent spoilage. A low dose of 5–75 kilorads (krad) helps to reduce and kill inactive parasites, a medium dose of 100– 400 krad kills microorganisms and pathogens such as salmonella, and a high dose of 2300–5700 krad sterilizes food so that it can be stored without refrigeration. (a) A dose of 175 krad kills spoilage microorganisms in fish. If x rays are used, what would be the dose in Gy, Sv, and rem, and how much energy would a 220 g portion of fish absorb? (See Table 43.3.) (b) Repeat part (a) if electrons of RBE 1.50 are used instead of x rays.Approximately what amount (in Sv) of short-term exposure to radiation produces noticeable effects in humans?11.3 a). What is the unit used for measuring ozone layers? b). What is the wavelength range of the UV radiation? c). How is ozone different from oxygen? d). When CFCs are exposed to UV or sun light, what species are produced? e). What is the role of chlorine radical in the ozone formation or reactions. f). What in the polar zone makes the depletion of ozone more serious?
- 238. 234. 14) Uranium-238 ( 92") decays to form thorium-234 ( 90 h) with a half-life of 4.5 x 10° years. How many years will it take for 75% of the uranium-238 to decay? а) 9.0х 10 years с) 9.0х10° years b) 4.5 x 10° years d). 3.8 х 10° усаrsWhat are the toxic responses of microwave radiation?Question 8 a) Explain what is meant by "somatic effects" of radiation exposure. b) Explain how the somatic effects of radiation may vary with the level of exposure an individual receives. c) Explain what is meant by "hereditary effects" of radiation exposure. [Suggested word count 200] [3.2]