16·A doctor at a veterans hospital examines all of the patient records from 1983 to 2013 and finds that twice as many men as women fell out of their hospital beds during their stay. This is put forward as evidence that men are clumsier than women. Discuss briefly, including: a. whether this is an experiment or an observational study (and why) b. providing an example of a possible confounding factor (and a clear explanation of why it is a possible confounding factor) what information you would want to see to examine the situation more closely. c.

5. In the United States, there is a strong relationship between education and smoking: well-educated people are less likely to smoke. Does a similar relationship hold in France? To find out, researchers recorded the level of education and smoking status of a random sample of 459 French men aged 20 to 60 years.36 The two-way table below displays the data. Is there convincing evidence of an association between smoking status and educational level among French men aged 20 to 60 years? Smoking Status Nonsmoker Former Moderate Heavy Primary School 56 54 41 36 Education Secondary School 37 43 27 32 University 53 28 36 16

14. Identifying individuals with a high risk of Alzheimer's disease usually involves a long series of cognitive tests. However, researchers have developed a 7-Minute Screen, which is a quick and easy way to accomplish the same goal. The question is whether the 7-Minute Screen is as effective as the complete series of tests. To address this question, Ijuin et al. (2008) administered both tests to a group of patients and compared the results. The following data represent results similar to those obtained in the study. 18. 7-Minute Screen Cognitive Series Patient 3 11 8. 19 10 22 8. 20 4. 14 13 4 9. 20 14 25 a. Compute the Pearson correlation to measure the degree of relationship between the two test scores. b. Is the correlation statistically significant? Use a two-tailed test with a = .01. c. What percentage of variance for the cognitive scores is predicted from the 7-Minute Screen scores? (Compute the value of r.) 15. For a two-tailed test with a = .05, use Table R 6 to ABCD EFGH

not use excel. only handwritten with all steps must be includeed.