15- The sodium pump moves sodium ions 23. Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs a. in the cytosol. b. in the mitochondrial matrix. . at the mitochondrial inner membrane. d. in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. a. to the cytosol. b. to the intracellular environment. . to the extracellular environment. d. into the intermembrane space. e. into the intramembrane region. e. at the mitochondrial outer membrane. 24. At the start of Oxidative Phosphorylation NADH is 16. Energy can be classified into both kinetic energy and potential energy. Which image best illustrates kinetic energy? oxidized. b. hydrolyzed. c reduced. d. neutralized. e. condensed. A baseball in a pitcher's hand. a. b. A puck slides past a goalie. . A book balances on someone's head. d. A boulder sits on a cliff. e. None of these. 17. ATP releases energy to make ADP and Pi. This is spontaneous. exergonic. condensation. d. All of these. e. None of these. a. b. 25. The role of Oxygen in Oxidative Phosphorylation acts to C. a. oxidize NADH. b. oxidize ADP to form ATP. C. oxidize FADH. d. remove electrons from the electron transport chain. remove H ions from the intermembrane space. 18. A compound is oxidized if it e. a. loses an electron. b. loses an atom. C. gains an electron. 26. Which pigment absorbs green light? gains an atom. is a cation. d. e. high crolercids diorophyl a **dhionophyl 19. The end products of glycolysis are two molecules of 02. Co. a. b. pyruvate. ATP. d. e. citric acid. low 400 450 500 sso sốo 650 700 Wavelength (nm) 20. Glucose is phosphorylated twice to produce DHAP and G3P. two NADH. a. all pigments. a. b. b. chlorophyll a. pyruvate. glucose bisphosphate. e. fructose bisphosohate. C. carotenoids. d. d. chlorophyll b. e. All of these. 21. After pyruvate loses CO., the result is 27. a. an acetyl group. b. an ethyl group. a dimer. d. a two-carbon sugar. e. ahydrolyzed compound. C. 22. Carbon dioxide loss, or decarboxylation, occurs in the Krebs Cycle with 350 400 450 sóo sso 600 6o 700 wavelength (nm) the transition of citrate to isocitrate. b. isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate. C. d. fumarate to malate. a. This graph shows succinate to fumarate. an action spectrum. b. a. e. malate to oxaloacetate. an absorbance spectrum. a production spectrum. d. C. a transmission spectrum. a passing spectrum. e. Light Absorbtion uonanpoid uabkxo jo ae ****.. ..

2. The diagram on the right taken from the textbook il- lustrates the structure of a mitochondrion in a mamma- mitochondrial H* H+ lian cell containing the enzymes responsible for catalyz- membrane. ing the oxidation of metabolites coupled to the reduction of O2 and the synthesis of ATP. Only the inner mito- chondrial membrane is shown to simply the dia- gram and discussion. Sonication produces submito- chondrial particles in which the outer membrane has been stripped away and the inner membrane forms a closed vesicle known as an "inside-out particle". That is, the intermembrane space becomes the lumen of the particle, and the membrane bound components that faced the matrix in the intact mitochondrion are now ex- Electron carriers (respiratory chain) Inner H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ + H+ H+ 02 (e- acceptor) 3 Energy of e- flow stored as electrochemical potential. Reduced e- donor H+ ATP ADP + P, H+ synthase H+ H+ АТР H+ + H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ posed to the solvent in which the particles are…

1) Which of the following contains all of the information required to target a precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix? a. N-terminal uptake-targeting sequence b. C-terminal uptake-targeting sequence c. post-translational organelle d. translocon e. None of the above 2) In the absence of targeting information, what is the default location of proteins synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes? a. Golgi apparatus b. ER lumun c. Cytosol d. Cell plasma membrane e. ER membrane

There are genetic defects that affect the structure and function of both complex II and complex III of the electron transport chain. Which of these defects would you expect to be embryonically lethal? Explain.  a. Defect in complex II b. Defect in complex III c. Defect in complex III is not lethal d. None of the defects will be lethal

3. The free energy associated with the proton gradient that develops across the inner mitochondrial membrane as a result of the electron transport chain is 23.3 kJ per mole of protons. If FADH; is the only electron donor to the electron transport chain, how many moles of FADH2 would be required to produce a proton gradient in which exactly one mole of protons have been pumped across the membrane, assuming we start with no gradient? The standard reduction potential of FADH2 is +0.10 V, and that of O2 is +0.81 V. Select the closest value from the options below. A) 3 mol FADH2 C) 0.17 mol FADH2 B) 1 mol FADH2 D) 5.8 mol FADH2

7. In the ketone body pathway, both acetoacetate and B-hydroxy butyrate are produced and become additional fuel molecules for the organism. a. Define where these molecules are produced (both tissue type and location in the cell) and what tissue they "feed". b. Of these two molecules, which one is considered slightly better in delivering more energy to the target tissue? Why? c. How does acetone, another ketone body, participate in delivering fuel to target tissue? d. If acetoacetate decarboxylase enzyme was mutated and became inactive (zero enzyme activity), how would this affect the ketone pathway during these conditions: į. immediately after a meal, ii. under starvation conditions, iii. during unchecked (not being treated for) type-1 diabetes.

Select the correct pairing of a structure and the process it is associated with.    A. Schwann cells……..muscle contraction  B. ATP synthase…..electron transport chain  C. H+ pump……facilitated diffusion  D. Mitochondria…..protein synthesis

1. All oxygen inhaled by animals and transported around their bodies is destined for specific locations in the body. Once oxygen reaches protein complex IV of the electron transport chain (ETC) it begins its vital task of pulling electrons away from protein complex IV. In short, a set of chain reactions are triggered at protein complex IV. From here 2 electrons are taken from complex III, which then takes two electrons from complex II, or l. a) Use a diagram and your own words to describe how a proton-motive force created by the ETC generates ATP. Make sure you label your diagram correctly and include; inner mitochondrial membrane, hydrogen ions, ADP, P, intermembrane space, ATP synthase, mitochondrial matrix, and ATP.

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11. Anomers can be interconverted ________. A. by an isotopic exchange reaction B. by rotation about carbon-carbon bonds C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B   Which of the following is true for role of glucose-6-phosphate in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism? A. Glucose-6-phosphate allosterically activates glycogen phosphorylase B. Glucose-6-phosphate allosterically inhibits glycogen synthase C. Glucose-6-phosphate allosterically inhibits hexokinase kinase D. None of the above are correct