12. Draw the chemical structure of a dinucleotides (left: dCA with its complementary strand; right CA)

#19 pls

1. Give the different hydrolytic products of : a DNA b. RNA 2. Enumerate the biological functions of DNA and RNA.

47. Define, in the context of DNA structure, "topological bonds."

5. Draw a DNA polymer with three nucleotides by including the following nitrogenous bases [in the following positions]: adenine [5' end], guanine [middle], and cytosine [3' end]. Draw only one strand. a. Indicate if each of the nitrogenous bases is a purine or pyrimidine. b. Number the carbons on the middle sugar. c. Label the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide in the middle and 3' end. d. Write the structure of the complementary sequence by indicating proper orientation.

13. The monomer of a nucleic acid? polymer of a nucleic acid? 14. What two main functions do nucleic acids have? а. b. 15. What are the three parts that make up a nucleotide? а. Draw a basic nucleotide. b. с. 16. What kind of bond holds the two strands of a DNA double helix together?