Concept explainers
1. Which of the following study designs can account for confounding by variables that have not been measured?
A. Prospective Cohort
B. Randomized Controlled Trial
C. Cross-Sectional
D. Case-Control
2. Suppose these same investigators now want to conduct a study to examine whether loss of 20 or more teeth is a risk factor for stroke. Should they consider hypertension to be a confounding variable?
[see attachment]
A. Yes
B. No
E. None of the above
3. Participants were recruited who resided close to a large urban hospital. For this study, the most relevant consequence of this methodological choice:
[see attachment]
A. Reduced losses to follow-up
B. Reduced generalizability
C. Reduced power
D. Reduced Hawthorne effect
4. Which of the following tests is the best choicce to test the null hypothesis that the unasjusted prevalence of hypertension is the same among partiicpants with fewer than 20 teeth and 20 or more teeth?
A. Unpaired t-test, B. Paired t-test, C. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), D. Chi-square test, E. Wilcoxon rank-sum test
5. What is the unadjusted prevalence ratio for hypertension, comparing those with fewer than 20 teeth to those with 20 or more teeth? [see attachment]
A. 0.33 B. 0.75 C. 1.5 D. 3.0 E. 20%
6. This study is: A. Descriptive
B. Observational C. Prospective D. AandB
E. A,B,andC
7. This study is: A. Case-Control
B. Retrospective Cohort C. Cross-Sectional
D. Prospective Cohort E. Field Trial
Step by stepSolved in 2 steps
- Which of the following actions is NOT performed during the risk characterization phase of a risk assessment? O A. summarize risk information for public and policy holders B. communicate estimates of adverse health effects with non-cancer hazard quotients O c. identify the hazard and exposed populations O D. evaluate uncertainty O E. communicate estimates of cancer risksarrow_forward18v Post Test: Health Science in the United States kt e 18 Select the correct answer. Which of these is one of the main priorities of the National Prevention Strategy? O A. getting adequate sleep O B. eating only vegetarian food Oc. participating in some physical activity regularly O D. avoiding over-the-counter medicines O E. meeting new people and making friends Reset Next um. All rights reserved.arrow_forward3. Community Hospital is concerned about their readmission rate for congestive heart failure patients in the last quarter. Which of the following methods would Community Hospital use to determine if their rate of readmissions is in line with similar size hospital? a. Write a performance measure b. Perform benchmarking c. Identify an improvement opportunity d. Create a data measurearrow_forward
- 1a. Which of the following statistical tests is most appropriate for this experiment? a. Chi-squared test b. Student t-test c. Paired t-test d. Linear regression e. ANOVA 1b. Which type of Excel chart is most appropriate for graphing the class data? a. Paired bar chart b. Stacked bar chart c. Scatter plot d. Line plot e. Pie chart 1c. What was the test statistic calculated (observed)? a. 60.93 b. 9 c. 8.84 X 10-10 d. 16.92 e. 19.02 1d. Which of the following conclusions is best one given the experimental design? a. Different insects prefer different scents. b. Rotten egg is the least preferred scent. c. The ratio of insects was not equal for all scent types. d. All insects do not share the same odor preferences. e. Flies are the most common insect. 1e. Which scent station showed no significant preference by one insect type over the others? a. Rotten peach b. Manure c. Dead mouse d. Rotten egg e. All of the abovearrow_forward"In young children with fever, is ibuprofen better than paracetamol at reducing the fever?" Identify and justify an appropriate hierarchy of evidence using four scholarly articles in relation to optimal patient outcomes and the EIP triad.arrow_forward28. Which of the following choices refers to the data between the probability of a positive test result giventhe presence of the disease and the probability of a positive test result given the absence of the disease?A. Negative likelihood ratioB. Negative predictive value C. Positive likelihood ratioD. Positive predictive value 29. Which of the following choices refers to the amount of time that a diagnosis is advanced by screening?A. Lead time biasB. Length bias sampling C. Survival rateD. Survival time 30. A point on a continuum that extends from clearly normal results (for healthy people) to abnormal results (forpeople who have preclinical disease) is called _____.A. Bias indexB. Criterion of positivity C. Predictive valueD. Source of test errors 31. The reliability of a test is the ability to give the same result on repeated testing. Reliability is influenced bywhich of the following?A. All of the optionsB. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement among the analysts conducting the…arrow_forward
- 2. How and why can bone marrow transplants be used to 6a Audio Inclu cure sickle cell disease? Include ALL of the items in the vocabulary and relationship checklists. Vocabulary Checklist At least 5 sentences entirely in your own words Red Blood Cell (Sickled and Normal) Oxygen Treatment 1: Bone Marrow Transplant Relationship Checklist O How would this treatment eventually impact visible traits, such as the shape of red blood cells? Describe the cause-effect chain. How would this treatment affect oxygen flow throughout the body? How do differences between normal and sickled red blood cells impact body systems? Pear Deck Interactive Slide Students, write your response! Do not remove this bararrow_forwardMatch as appropriate Sensitivity Specificity Predictive value of a positive test or positive predictive value Predictive value of a negative test or negative predictive value A. Ability of a screening test to correctly identify all screened individuals who have the disease or outcome of interest B. Probability of someone screened negative to actually not have the disease or outcome of interest C. Probability of someone screened positive to actually have the disease or outcome of interest D. Ability of a screening test to correctly rule out individuals who actually do not have the disease or outcome of interestarrow_forwardComparing exposure histories of people with the disease and people without the disease isthe goal for what type of study design?A. Case seriesB. Case-controlC. CohortD. Experimentalarrow_forward
- 7arrow_forwardA case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. A total of 406 men newly diagnosed with CHD were included together with 406 men of similar ages who did not have CHD. The risk of CHD (measured by the OR) was higher among men who were inactive or only moderately active (collectively called ‘inactive’) than among those who were physically active: (See attached image) Odds ratio for inactive men compared to active men= (299 x 136)/(270 x 107)=1.41Suppose there is no misclassification in these data.What would the observed OR have been... 1. If 20% of all the inactive men had been misclassified as active? 2. If 10 % of inactive cases had been misclassified as active?arrow_forwardIn young children with a fever, is ibuprofen better than paracetamol at reducing the fever? make recommendations for practice based on this answer and the principles of EIP, drawing on all the articles found and the wider evidence base.arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education