1. The taxonomic Supergroups of life are a work in progress which attempt to hypothesize on the relatedness of life's major groups. Currently this phylogeny includes a non-dichotomously branching clade with three different branches connecting to one node. The clade that includes all three branches emerging from the same node is known as A) homeoplasiac traits. B) polytomic lineages. C) paraphyletic clade. D) polyphyletic clade E) all of the above

12) Instead of 1 uniform definition, biologist use over 20 different definitions of "species". Why? A) Because scientists searching for life on other planets do not want to be restricted to the narrow definition that applies to earth based life forms B)  Because historically biologist have argued over the correct definition of this term and therefore have split into seperate "camps" for different definitions C)    Because life includes both sexual and asexually reproducing organisms D) Because life is so diverse that no single definition used so far can be uniformly applied in a meaningful way to all organisms

1. Contrast homology and analogy. Give an example of homoplasy. 2. Discuss adaptation and preadaptation. 3. Compare and contrast divergent, convergent, parallel, and organic evolution. 4. What is a vestigial structure? A rudimentary structure? 5. Describe heterochrony – specifically paedogenesis, neoteny, and paedomorphosis.

The presence of homologous structures in two different groups of organisms suggests that (a) the organisms evolved from a common ancestor (b) convergent evolution has occurred (c) they belong to a polyphyletic group (d) homoplasy has occurred (e) independently acquired characters may evolve when organisms inhabit similar environments

a) What is the best estimate (mean age), in millions of years, for the divergence of the clade containing the American Giant Short Faced Bear from the clade containing the Sloth Bear? b) According to Figure 1, bears as a group experienced substantial evolutionary radiation near what geological boundary? c) True or False. An entire clade of bears has gone extinct because the two extinct bear species in the figure are sister species. d) What bears are the nearest relatives of the Sun Bear?

Do these phylogenies depict the same relationships among taxa? Explain yes/no and why. * А В C B A C B A

2. Examine the phylogeny below, which is the phylogeny for all extant species from a genus of birds, constructed using nuclear sequences (the numbers simply label the species). 2 3 Clade A 5 6 Clade B 1 7 (a) Give two explanations for why there are more species in clade A compared to B (i.e. I want general explanations for why some clades have more species than others 4.