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Science
Chemistry
1. NO₂ 2. CH3 Cl₂ AlCl3 HNO 3 H2SO4
1. NO₂ 2. CH3 Cl₂ AlCl3 HNO 3 H2SO4
BUY
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
10th Edition
ISBN:
9781337399074
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
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1 Basic Concepts Of Chemistry
2 Atoms Molecules And Ions
3 Chemical Reactions
4 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information About Chemical Reactions
5 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Energy And Chemical Reactions
6 The Structure Of Atoms
7 The Structure Of Atoms And Periodic Trends
8 Bonding And Molecular Structure
9 Bonding And Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization And Molecular Orbitals
10 Gases And Their Properties
11 Intermolecular Forces And Liquids
12 The Solid State
13 Solutions And Their Behavior
14 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates Of Chemical Reactions
15 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria
16 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry Of Acids And Bases
17 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects Of Aqueous Equilibria
18 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy And Free Energy
19 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions
20 Environmental Chemistry-earth's Environment, Energy, And Sustainability
21 The Chemistry Of The Main Group Elements
22 The Chemistry Of The Transistion Elements
23 Carbon: Not Just Another Element
24 Biochemistry
25 Nuclear Chemistry
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18.1 Spontaneity And Dispersal Of Energy: Entropy
18.2 Entropy: A Microscopic Understanding
18.3 Entropy Measurement And Values
18.4 Entropy Changes And Spontaneity
18.5 Gibbs Free Energy
18.6 Calculating And Using Standard Free Energies, Δfg˚
18.7 The Interplay Of Kinetics And Thermodynamics
Chapter Questions
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Problem 1PS: Solid NH4NO3 is placed in a beaker containing water at 25 C. When the solid has completely...
Problem 2PS: Acetic acid, a weak acid, was added to a beaker containing water at 25 C, giving a solution...
Problem 3PS: Identify the following processes as either spontaneous or not spontaneous. (a) Ice melts when placed...
Problem 4PS: Identify the following processes as either spontaneous or not spontaneous. (a) Liquid water turns to...
Problem 5PS
Problem 6PS: Predict whether each of the following processes results in an increase in entropy in the system....
Problem 7PS: Indicate which of the following processes are reversible. (a) Nitrogen gas expands into a vacuum....
Problem 8PS
Problem 9PS
Problem 10PS
Problem 11PS
Problem 12PS: Calculate the entropy change that occurs when 1.00 mol of steam is converted to liquid water at 100...
Problem 13PS
Problem 14PS: Calculate the change in entropy of a system with an increase in volume from 1.0 L to 2.0 L.
Problem 15PS: The third law of thermodynamics says that a perfect crystal at 0 K has zero entropy. The standard...
Problem 16PS: Identify trends in S values: (a) For the halogens: F2(g), Cl2(g), Br2(), I2(s). (b) For the gaseous...
Problem 17PS: Which substance has the higher entropy? (a) dry ice (solid CO2) at 78 C or CO2(g) at 0 C (b) liquid...
Problem 18PS: Which substance has the higher entropy? (a) a sample of pure silicon (to be used in a computer chip)...
Problem 19PS: Use S values to calculate the standard entropy change, rS0, for each of the following processes and...
Problem 20PS: Use S values to calculate the standard entropy change, rS, for each of the following processes, and...
Problem 21PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the formation of 1.0 mol of the following compounds from...
Problem 22PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the formation of 1.0 mol of the following compounds from...
Problem 23PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the following reactions at 25 C. Comment on the sign of...
Problem 24PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the following reactions at 25 C. Comment on the sign of...
Problem 25PS: Is the reaction Si(s) + 2 Cl2(g) SiCl4(g) spontaneous under standard conditions at 298.15 K? Answer...
Problem 26PS: Is the reaction Si(s) + 2 H2(g) SiH4(g) spontaneous under standard conditions at 298.15 K? Answer...
Problem 27PS: Calculate S(universe) for the decomposition of 1 mol of liquid water to form gaseous hydrogen and...
Problem 28PS: Calculate S(universe) for the formation of 1 mol HCl(g) from gaseous hydrogen and chlorine. Is this...
Problem 29PS: Classify each of the reactions according to one of the four reaction types summarized in Table 18.1....
Problem 30PS: Classify each of the reactions according to one of the four reaction types summarized in Table 18.1....
Problem 31PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. (a) 2 Pb(s) +...
Problem 32PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. (a) 2 Na(s) + 2...
Problem 33PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard molar free energy of formation, fG, for each of the...
Problem 34PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard molar free energy of formation, fG, for each of the...
Problem 35PS: Using values of fG, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. Which are...
Problem 36PS: Using values of fG, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. Which are product-...
Problem 37PS: For the reaction BaCO3(s) BaO(s) + CO2(g), rG = +219.7 kJ/mol-rxn. Using this value and other data...
Problem 38PS: For the reaction TiCl2(s) + Cl2(g) TiCl4(), rG = 272.8 kj/mol-txn. Using this value and other data...
Problem 39PS: Determine whether the reactions listed below are entropy-favored or disfavored under standard...
Problem 40PS: Determine whether the reactions listed below are entropy-favored or disfavored under standard...
Problem 41PS: Heating some metal carbonates, among them magnesium carbonate, leads to their decomposition....
Problem 42PS: Calculate rH and rS for the reaction of tin(IV) oxide with carbon. SnO2(s) + C(s) Sn(s) + CO2(g)...
Problem 43PS: The ionization constant, Ka, for acetic acid is 1.8 105 at 25 C. What is the value of rG for this...
Problem 44PS
Problem 45PS: The standard free energy change, rG, for the formation of NO(g) from its elements is + 86.58...
Problem 46PS
Problem 47PS: Calculate rG at 25 C for the formation of 1.00 mol of C2H6(g) from C2H4(g) and H2(g). Use this value...
Problem 48PS
Problem 49PS
Problem 50PS
Problem 51GQ: Compare the compounds in each set below and decide which is expected to have the higher entropy....
Problem 52GQ: Using standard entropy values, calculate rS for the formation of 1.0 mol of NH3(g) from N2(g) and...
Problem 53GQ: About 5 billion kilograms of benzene, C6H6, are made each year. Benzene is used as a starting...
Problem 54GQ: Hydrogenation, the addition of hydrogen to an organic compound, is an industrially important...
Problem 55GQ: Is the combustion of ethane, C2H6, product-favored at equilibrium at 25 C? C2H6(g) + 7/2 O2(g) 2...
Problem 56GQ
Problem 57GQ: When vapors from hydrochloric acid and aqueous ammonia come in contact, they react, producing a...
Problem 58GQ: Calculate S(system), S(surroundings), and S(universe) for each of the following processes at 298 K,...
Problem 59GQ: Methanol is now widely used as a fuel in race cars. Consider the following reaction as a possible...
Problem 60GQ: The enthalpy of vaporization of liquid diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, is 26.0 kJ/mol at the boiling point...
Problem 61GQ: Calculate the entropy change, rS, for the vaporization of ethanol, C2H5OH, at its normal boiling...
Problem 62GQ: Using thermodynamic data, estimate the normal boiling point of ethanol. (Recall that liquid and...
Problem 63GQ
Problem 64GQ: When calcium carbonate is heated strongly, CO2 gas is evolved. The equilibrium pressure of CO2 is...
Problem 65GQ: Sodium reacts violently with water according to the equation Na(s) + H2O() NaOH(aq) + H2(g)...
Problem 66GQ: Yeast can produce ethanol by the fermentation of glucose (C6H12O6), which is the basis for the...
Problem 67GQ: Elemental boron, in the form of thin fibers, can be made by reducing a boron halide with H2. BCl3(g)...
Problem 68GQ
Problem 69GQ
Problem 70GQ: Estimate the boiling point of water in Denver, Colorado (where the altitude is 1.60 km and the...
Problem 71GQ: The equilibrium constant for the butane iso-butane equilibrium at 25 C is 2.50. Calculate rG at...
Problem 72GQ: A crucial reaction for the production of synthetic fuels is the production of H2 by the reaction of...
Problem 73GQ: Calculate rG for the decomposition of sulfur trioxide to sulfur dioxide and oxygen. 2 SO3(g) 2...
Problem 74GQ
Problem 75GQ: A cave in Mexico was recently discovered to have some interesting chemistry. Hydrogen sulfide, H2S,...
Problem 76GQ: Wet limestone is used to scrub SO2 gas from the exhaust gases of power plants. One possible reaction...
Problem 77GQ: Sulfur undergoes a phase transition between 80 and 100 C. S8(rhombic) S8(monoclinic) rH = 3.213...
Problem 78GQ: Calculate the entropy change for dissolving HCl gas in water at 25 C. Is the sign of rS what you...
Problem 79IL: Some metal oxides can be decomposed to the metal and oxygen under reasonable conditions. Is the...
Problem 80IL
Problem 81IL
Problem 82IL
Problem 83IL: Titanium(IV) oxide is converted to titanium carbide with carbon at a high temperature. TiO2(s) + 3...
Problem 84IL: Cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] is a potent treatment for certain types of cancers, but...
Problem 85IL
Problem 86SCQ: Explain why each of the following statements is incorrect. (a) Entropy increases in all spontaneous...
Problem 87SCQ: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, rewrite it to make it...
Problem 88SCQ: Under what conditions is the entropy of a pure substance 0 J/K mol? Could a substance at standard...
Problem 89SCQ
Problem 90SCQ: Consider the formation of NO(g) from its elements. N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) (a) Calculate Kp at 25 C....
Problem 91SCQ
Problem 92SCQ: The normal melting point of benzene, C6H6, is 5.5 C. For the process of melting, what is the sign of...
Problem 93SCQ
Problem 94SCQ: For each of the following processes, predict the algebraic sign of rH, rS, and rG. No calculations...
Problem 95SCQ: Heater Meals are food packages that contain their own heat source, lust pour water into the heater...
Problem 96SCQ
Problem 97SCQ
Problem 98SCQ
Problem 99SCQ: Iodine, I2, dissolves readily in carbon tetrachloride. For this process, H = 0 kJ/mol. I2(s) I2 (in...
Problem 100SCQ
Problem 101SCQ
Problem 102SCQ
Problem 103SCQ
Problem 104SCQ
Problem 105SCQ: The Haber-Bosch process for the production of ammonia is one of the key industrial processes in...
Problem 106SCQ
Problem 107SCQ
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Show the products of the following reactions
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1. NO₂ 2. CH3 Cl₂ AlCl3 HNO 3 H2SO4
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