1. Explain how the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy depends on whether the policy change is initiated at a low or high level of output relative to full- employment output. Make sure to provide your answer with the relevant graphs and mathematical equations.

can you explain this for me? this is a true or false statement: "increasing welfare payments by borrowing the money to fund them would increase AD" borrowing the money means we will have more deficit and interest to repay. But wouldnt it still stimulate the economy nonetheless?

22.

Supply side economics says we should talk about "the economy, because can't explain incentives to individual consumers, workers, and businesses. O False O True

The graph below depicts an economy where an increase in aggregate demand has caused Inflation. Assume the government decides to conduct fiscal policy by changing taxes to bring Inflation under control. Price Level 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 Fiscal Policy LRAS AS Real GDP (billions of dollars) AD₁ AD 40 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800 Instructions: Round your answers to 2 decimal places. If you are entering a negative number include a minus sign. a. How much does aggregate demand need to change to restore the economy to its long-run equilibrium? billion b. If the MPC is 0.75, how much do taxes need to change to shift aggregate demand by the amount you found in part a? $ billion Suppose Instead that the MPC is 0.5. c. How much does aggregate demand and taxes need to change to restore the economy to its long-run equilibrium? Aggregate demand needs to change by $ billion and taxes need to change by $ billion.

150 130 110 PRICE LEVEL 8 90 70 50 20 LRAS AS 24 OUTPUT (Trillions of dollars) AD 20 30 AD D AS Suppose that in January 2026 the government successfully carries out the type of policy necessary to restore the natural level of output described in the previous question. In March 2026, consumer confidence increases, leading to an increase in consumer spending. Due to the associated with implementing monetary and fiscal policy, the impact of the government's new policy will likely once the effects of the policy are fully realized.

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SRAS PL2 PL AD2 AD REAL GDP The Aggregate Demand Model shows an increase in Aggregate Demand or an increase in GDP. Which Fiscal Policy Action would cause this change O Raise Taxes & Cut Government Spending O Decrease Taxes & Government Spending O Increase Taxes & Government Spending O Cut Taxes and Increase Government Spending PRICE LEVEL

Please help with this practice question

ון רבSuip Reset the graph and click on the blue square to apply a negative supply shock the the economy. Then adjust the movable point to view the effects of potential policy responses to the negative supply shock. Use what you observe to answer the questions that follow. a. In response to the effects of a negative supply shock, policymakers decide to decrease aggregate demand. What are the effects of this choice? O an increase in aggregate output, and an increase in the aggregate price level an decrease in aggregate output, and an decrease in the aggregate price level an increase in aggregate output, and an decrease in the aggregate price level an decrease in aggregate output, and an increase in the aggregate price level b. What are the overall tradeoffs with regard to this choice? Policymakers have chosen to fight inflation by increasing AD, but this further reduces aggregate output and makes the recession worse. Policymakers have chosen to fight inflation by decreasing AD, but this…