. What physiological effect would you predict from a mutation that replaced with serine the cysteine in the constant part of the immunoglobulin light chain that is involved in disulfide-bond for- mation with the heavy chain? ,

1. NSF is an enzyme that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to disassemble complexes between v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs.a) Why do you suppose such an enzyme is needed?b) If NSF were suddenly inactivated and then the cells were examined a short time later, what types of effects would you expect to see?

Can a mouse infected with Bacillus anthracis generate antibodies against the S-layer? How do you know? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer  link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/

Where do you find Major Histocompatibility Complex class I molecules? Group of answer choices on the surface of nucleated body cells on the surface of leukocytes

Mannose binding lectins (MBL) and ficolins are the two classes of proteins that can initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation. These proteins are selective for activating complement on the surfaces of microbial pathogens rather than host cells because: Their higher-order oligomeric structure can be assembled only after the monomers first bind to pathogen membranes. They only recruit MASP (MBL-associated serine proteases) proteins when bound to pathogen surfaces and not when bound to host cells. They only undergo the conformational change needed to activate MASP proteins when bound to a pathogen and not when bound to a host cell. They only bind to carbohydrate side chains and oligosaccharide modifications found on pathogen surfaces but not on host cell membranes. The activated MASP proteins are rapidly inactivated by hydrolysis when present on the surface of a host cell.

Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is having high affinity for the antigen. being efficient at activating the complement cascade. having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers. being present at a high concentration in the circulation. 0 0 0 0

135. During an experiment, a transgenic mouse is developed in which regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) are made more sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis. The enhanced apoptosis of Tregs will most likely cause an increase in which of the following in this mouse? A) Autoantibody production OB) Basophil degranulation C) Complement activation D) Dendritic cell migration E) Neutrophil activation

Typical symptoms of COVID-19 include: (1) fever (83-98%), (2) cough (46-82%), (3) muscle pain or fatigue (11-44%), (4) shortness of breath (31%), and in some severe cases, (5) acute respiratory failure, (6) secondary infection and (7) interferon gamma-related cytokine storm. Pick 3 of the above symptoms, and explain why the patients may have these symptoms.

Fig. 1. AKAP11 and RIα are degraded by autophagy. (A) Brain lysates of Atg7F/F (Control) and Atg7F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected to immunoblottinganalysis with the indicated antibodies. (B) Quantification of protein levels in A. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM(n = 3 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (C) Brain lysates of Atg14F/F (Control) and Atg14F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected toimmunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (D) Quantification of protein levels in C. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 4 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (E) Atg7 WT and Atg7 KO MEF cells were nutrient starved by usingEBSS for the indicated times, and cells were assayed by immunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (F) Quantification of the protein levels from Ewas obtained by normalizing the level of proteins to Actin,…

1. NSF is an enzyme that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to disassemble complexes between V-SNARES and t-SNARES. a) Why do you suppose such an enzyme is needed? b) If NSF were suddenly inactivated and then the cells were examined a short time later, what types of effects would you expect to see?