. Fill in the mechanism below with curved-arrow electron pushing as well as necessary lone pairs of electrons and all formal charges. Note: Some atoms are only shown when relevant.   b. Circle the rate determining step of the reaction.

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Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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a. Fill in the mechanism below with curved-arrow electron pushing as well as necessary lone pairs of electrons and all formal charges. Note: Some atoms are only shown when relevant.

 

b. Circle the rate determining step of the reaction.

### Mechanism of Alcohol Conversion to Alkyl Chloride using Hydrochloric Acid

The image outlines the detailed step-by-step mechanism of converting an alcohol group to an alkyl chloride using hydrochloric acid (HCl). The chemical reaction progresses through several stages, incorporating the protonation of the alcohol group and subsequent substitution of the water molecule with a chloride ion (Cl-).

#### Step-by-Step Mechanism:

1. **Protonation of Alcohol:**
   - Initially, the alcohol (ROH) is protonated by hydrochloric acid (HCl), resulting in the formation of an oxonium ion (ROH2+).

   \[
   \text{Alcohol (\(ROH\))} + HCl \rightarrow \text{Protonated Alcohol (\(ROH_2^+\))}
   \]

   ![Chemical Reaction](image)
  
2. **Formation of Carbocation Intermediate:**
   - The protonated alcohol (ROH2+) loses a water molecule (H2O) to form a carbocation (R+). This is indicated by the departure of the water molecule.

   \[
   \text{Protonated Alcohol (\(ROH_2^+\))} \rightarrow \text{Carbocation (\(R^+\))} + H_2O
   \]

   ![Chemical Reaction](image)

3. **Nucleophilic Attack by Chloride Ion:**
   - The chloride ion (Cl-) then attacks the carbocation, leading to the formation of alkyl chloride (RCl).

   \[
   \text{Carbocation (\(R^+\))} + Cl^- \rightarrow \text{Alkyl Chloride (\(RCl\))}
   \]

   ![Chemical Reaction](image)

### Detailed Example:
The diagram illustrates specific molecular structures undergoing the described transformation. The initial reactant, an alcohol, is progressively converted into an alkyl chloride.

1. **Starting Alcohol:**
   The reactant is a simple alcohol, depicted with its hydroxyl group (OH).

2. **Protonation:**
   Upon treatment with hydrochloric acid, the hydroxyl group is protonated, forming an oxonium ion (indicated by a positively charged oxygen attached to two hydrogens).

3. **Formation of Carbocation:**
   The intermediate oxonium ion releases a water molecule, resulting in a positively charged carbon structure or carbocation.

4.
Transcribed Image Text:### Mechanism of Alcohol Conversion to Alkyl Chloride using Hydrochloric Acid The image outlines the detailed step-by-step mechanism of converting an alcohol group to an alkyl chloride using hydrochloric acid (HCl). The chemical reaction progresses through several stages, incorporating the protonation of the alcohol group and subsequent substitution of the water molecule with a chloride ion (Cl-). #### Step-by-Step Mechanism: 1. **Protonation of Alcohol:** - Initially, the alcohol (ROH) is protonated by hydrochloric acid (HCl), resulting in the formation of an oxonium ion (ROH2+). \[ \text{Alcohol (\(ROH\))} + HCl \rightarrow \text{Protonated Alcohol (\(ROH_2^+\))} \] ![Chemical Reaction](image) 2. **Formation of Carbocation Intermediate:** - The protonated alcohol (ROH2+) loses a water molecule (H2O) to form a carbocation (R+). This is indicated by the departure of the water molecule. \[ \text{Protonated Alcohol (\(ROH_2^+\))} \rightarrow \text{Carbocation (\(R^+\))} + H_2O \] ![Chemical Reaction](image) 3. **Nucleophilic Attack by Chloride Ion:** - The chloride ion (Cl-) then attacks the carbocation, leading to the formation of alkyl chloride (RCl). \[ \text{Carbocation (\(R^+\))} + Cl^- \rightarrow \text{Alkyl Chloride (\(RCl\))} \] ![Chemical Reaction](image) ### Detailed Example: The diagram illustrates specific molecular structures undergoing the described transformation. The initial reactant, an alcohol, is progressively converted into an alkyl chloride. 1. **Starting Alcohol:** The reactant is a simple alcohol, depicted with its hydroxyl group (OH). 2. **Protonation:** Upon treatment with hydrochloric acid, the hydroxyl group is protonated, forming an oxonium ion (indicated by a positively charged oxygen attached to two hydrogens). 3. **Formation of Carbocation:** The intermediate oxonium ion releases a water molecule, resulting in a positively charged carbon structure or carbocation. 4.
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