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| Background: | The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C. probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced in about the mid-third century B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The coastal areas of the island were controlled by the Portuguese in the 16th century and by the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983. Tens of thousands have died in the ethnic conflict that continues to fester. After two decades of fighting, the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a cease-fire in February 2002 with Norway brokering peace negotiations. Violence between the LTTE and government forces intensified in 2006 and the government regained control of the Eastern Province in 2007. In January 2008, the government officially withdrew from the ceasefire, and has begun engaging the LTTE in the northern portion of the country. |
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| Geography |
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| Location: | Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India |
| Geographic coordinates: | 7 00 N, 81 00 E |
| Map references: | Asia |
| Area: | total: 65,610 sq km
land: 64,740 sq km
water: 870 sq km |
| Area—comparative: | slightly larger than West Virginia |
| Land boundaries: | 0 km |
| Coastline: | 1,340 km |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin |
| Climate: | tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October) |
| Terrain: | mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m |
| Natural resources: | limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower |
| Land use: | arable land: 13.96%
permanent crops: 15.24%
other: 70.8% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 7,430 sq km (2003) |
| Total renewable water resources: | 50 cu km (1999) |
| Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): | total: 12.61 cu km/yr (2%/2%/95%)
per capita: 608 cu m/yr (2000) |
| Natural hazards: | occasional cyclones and tornadoes |
| Environment—current issues: | deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo |
| Environment—international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation |
| Geography—note: | strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes |
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| People |
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| Population: | 20,926,315
note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and armed Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand Tamil civilians have fled the island and more than 200,000 Tamils have sought refuge in the West (July 2007 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 24.3% (male 2,596,295/female 2,495,949)
15-64 years: 67.9% (male 6,947,310/female 7,259,271)
65 years and over: 7.8% (male 765,507/female 861,983) (2007 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 30 years
male: 29.2 years
female: 31 years (2007 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 0.982% (2007 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 17 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Death rate: | 6.01 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -1.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.957 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.888 male(s)/female
total population: 0.971 male(s)/female (2007 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 19.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 74.8 years
male: 72.81 years
female: 76.88 years (2007 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 2.05 children born/woman (2007 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—adult prevalence rate: | less than 0.1% (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—people living with HIV/AIDS: | 3,500 (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—deaths: | less than 200 (2003 est.) |
| Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2008) |
| Nationality: | noun: Sri Lankan(s)
adjective: Sri Lankan |
| Ethnic groups: | Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%, Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data) |
| Religions: | Buddhist 69.1%, Muslim 7.6%, Hindu 7.1%, Christian 6.2%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data) |
| Languages: | Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%
note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.7%
male: 92.3%
female: 89.1% (2001 census) |
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| Government |
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| Country name: | conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
conventional short form: Sri Lanka
local long form: Shri Lamka Prajatantrika Samajaya di Janarajaya/Ilankai Jananayaka Choshalichak Kutiyarachu
local short form: Shri Lamka/Ilankai
former: Serendib, Ceylon |
| Government type: | republic |
| Capital: | name: Colombo
geographic coordinates: 6 56 N, 79 51 E
time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
note: Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital) |
| Administrative divisions: | 8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western
note: in October 2006, the Sri Lankan Supreme Court ruled voided a presidential directive merging the North and Eastern Provinces; many have defended the merger as a prerequisite for a negotiated settlement to the ethnic conflict; a parliamentary decision on the issue is pending |
| Independence: | 4 February 1948 (from UK) |
| National holiday: | Independence Day, 4 February (1948) |
| Constitution: | adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978 |
| Legal system: | a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Kandyan, and Jaffna Tamil law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Mahinda RAJAPAKSA (since 19 November 2005); note – the president is both the chief of state and head of government; Ratnasiri WICKREMANAYAKE (since 21 November 2005) holds the largely ceremonial title of prime minister
head of government: President Mahinda RAJAPAKSA (since 19 November 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 November 2005 (next to be held in 2011)
election results: Mahinda RAJAPAKSA elected president; percent of vote – Mahinda RAJAPAKSA 50.3%, Ranil WICKREMESINGHE 48.4%, other 1.3% |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral Parliament (225 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of an open-list, proportional representation system by electoral district to serve six-year terms)
elections: last held on 2 April 2004 (next to be held by 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party or electoral alliance – SLFP and JVP (no longer in formal UPFA alliance) 45.6%, UNP 37.8%, TNA 6.8%, JHU 6%, SLMC 2%, UPF 0.5%, EPDP 0.3%, other 1%; seats by party – UNP 68, SLFP 57, JVP 39, TNA 22, CWC 8, JHU 7, SLMC 6, SLMC dissidents 4, Communist Party 2, JHU dissidents 2, LSSP 2, MEP 2, NUA 2, UPF 2, EPDP 1, UNP dissident 1 |
| Judicial branch: | Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; judges for both courts are appointed by the president |
| Political parties and leaders: | All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [G.PONNAMBALAM]; Ceylon Workers Congress or CWC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist Party or CP [D. GUNASEKERA]; Eelam People’s Democratic Party or EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN]; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Somawansa AMARASINGHE]; Lanka Sama Samaja Party or LSSP [Tissa VITHARANA]; Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People’s United Front) or MEP [D. GUNAWARDENE]; National Heritage Party or JHU [Ellawala METHANANDA]; National Unity Alliance or NUA [Ferial ASHRAFF]; People’s Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [D. SIDHARTHAN]; Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Mahinda RAJAPAKSA]; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM]; Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO [Selvam ADAIKALANATHAN]; Tamil National Alliance or TNA [R. SAMPANTHAN]; Tamil United Liberation Front or TULF [V. ANANDASANGAREE]; United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMASINGHE]; Up-country People’s Front or UPF [P. CHANDRASEKARAN] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | Buddhist clergy; labor unions; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE [Velupillai PRABHAKARAN](insurgent group fighting for a separate state); radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP) or “Karuna group” [Vinayagamurthi MURALITHARAN] (paramilitary breakaway from LTTE and fighting LTTE) |
| International organization participation: | ADB, BIMSTEC, C, CP, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Bernard GOONETILLEKE
chancery: 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-4025 (through 4028)
FAX: [1] (202) 232-7181
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles
consulate(s): New York |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Robert O. BLAKE, Jr.
embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3
mailing address: P. O. Box 106, Colombo
telephone: [94] (11) 249-8500
FAX: [94] (11) 243-7345 |
| Flag description: | yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels |
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| Economy |
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| Economy—overview: | In 1977, Colombo abandoned statist economic policies and its import substitution trade policy for more market-oriented policies, export-oriented trade, and encouragement of foreign investment. Recent changes in government, however, have brought some policy reversals. Currently, the ruling Sri Lanka Freedom Party has a more statist economic approach, which seeks to reduce poverty by steering investment to disadvantaged areas, developing small and medium enterprises, promoting agriculture, and expanding the already enormous civil service. The government has halted privatizations. Although suffering a brutal civil war that began in 1983, Sri Lanka saw GDP growth average 4.5% in the last 10 years with the exception of a recession in 2001. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took about 31,000 lives, left more than 6,300 missing and 443,000 displaced, and destroyed an estimated $1.5 billion worth of property. Government spending and reconstruction drove growth to more than 7% in 2006 but reduced agriculture output probably slowed growth to about 6 percent in 2007. Government spending and lose monetary policy drove inflation to 16% in 2007. Sri Lanka’s most dynamic sectors now are food processing, textiles and apparel, food and beverages, port construction, telecommunications, and insurance and banking. In 2006, plantation crops made up only about 15% of exports (compared with more than 90% in 1970), while textiles and garments accounted for more than 60%. About 800,000 Sri Lankans work abroad, 90% of them in the Middle East. They send home more than $1 billion a year. The struggle by the Tamil Tigers of the north and east for an independent homeland continues to cast a shadow over the economy. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | $83.21 billion (2007 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | $25.78 billion (2007 est.) |
| GDP—real growth rate: | 6% (2007 est.) |
| GDP—per capita (PPP): | $4,100 (2007 est.) |
| GDP—composition by sector: | agriculture: 16.3%
industry: 27%
services: 56.6% (2007 est.) |
| Labor force: | 7.67 million (2007 est.) |
| Labor force—by occupation: | agriculture: 34.3%
industry: 25.3%
services: 40.4% (30 June 2006 est.) |
| Unemployment rate: | 6.3% (2007 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | 22% (2002 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 1.1%
highest 10%: 39.7% (FY03/04) |
| Distribution of family income—Gini index: | 50 (FY03/04) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 15.6% (2007 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | 29.2% of GDP (2007 est.) |
| Budget: | revenues: $5.379 billion
expenditures: $7.611 billion (2007 est.) |
| Public debt: | 85.9% of GDP (2007 est.) |
| Agriculture—products: | rice, sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseed, spices, tea, rubber, coconuts; milk, eggs, hides, beef; fish |
| Industries: | processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining |
| Industrial production growth rate: | 6.4% (2007 est.) |
| Electricity—production: | 8.411 billion kWh (2005) |
| Electricity—consumption: | 7.072 billion kWh (2005) |
| Electricity—exports: | 0 kWh (2005) |
| Electricity—imports: | 0 kWh (2005) |
| Oil—production: | 0 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
| Oil—consumption: | 84,000 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
| Oil—exports: | 691.5 bbl/day (2004) |
| Oil—imports: | 82,390 bbl/day (2004) |
| Oil—proved reserves: | 0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.) |
| Natural gas—production: | 0 cu m (2005 est.) |
| Natural gas—consumption: | 0 cu m (2005 est.) |
| Natural gas—exports: | 0 cu m (2005 est.) |
| Natural gas—proved reserves: | 0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.) |
| Current account balance: | $-1.118 billion (2007 est.) |
| Exports: | $8.357 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
| Exports—commodities: | textiles and apparel, tea and spices; diamonds, emeralds, rubies; coconut products, rubber manufactures, fish |
| Exports—partners: | US 27.6%, UK 11.3%, India 9.3%, Belgium 4.7%, Germany 4.3% (2006) |
| Imports: | $10.68 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
| Imports—commodities: | textile fabrics, mineral products, petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and transportation equipment |
| Imports—partners: | India 19.5%, China 10.4%, Singapore 8.7%, Iran 5.6%, Malaysia 5%, Hong Kong 4.2%, Japan 4% (2006) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $3.252 billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
| Debt—external: | $13.52 billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment—at home: | $NA |
| Stock of direct foreign investment—abroad: | $NA |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: | $7.769 billion (2006) |
| Economic aid—recipient: | $1.189 billion (2005) |
| Currency (code): | Sri Lankan rupee (LKR) |
| Exchange rates: | Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar – 110.78 (2007), 103.99 (2006), 100.498 (2005), 101.194 (2004), 96.521 (2003) |
| Fiscal year: | calendar year |
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| Communications |
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| Telephones—main lines in use: | 2.742 million (2007) |
| Telephones—mobile cellular: | 7.983 million (2007) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: telephone services have improved significantly and are available in most parts of the country
domestic: national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and 2 fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems and mobile cellular subscribership is increasing; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone density is about 50 per 100 inhabitants
international: country code – 94; the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, Australia, Middle East, Europe, US; satellite earth stations – 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | AM 15, FM 52, shortwave 4 (2007) |
| Television broadcast stations: | 14 (2006) |
| Internet country code: | .lk |
| Internet hosts: | 6,198 (2007) |
| Internet users: | 428,000 (2006) |
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| Transportation |
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| Airports: | 18 (2007) |
| Airports—with paved runways: | total: 14
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 7 (2007) |
| Airports—with unpaved runways: | total: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 3 (2007) |
| Railways: | total: 1,449 km
broad gauge: 1,449 km 1.676-m gauge (2006) |
| Roadways: | total: 97,287 km
paved: 78,802 km
unpaved: 18,485 km (2003) |
| Waterways: | 160 km (primarily on rivers in southwest) (2006) |
| Merchant marine: | total: 24 ships (1000 GRT or over) 162,280 GRT/227,478 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 18, container 2, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 6 (Germany 6)
registered in other countries: 3 (Panama 3) (2007) |
| Ports and terminals: | Colombo |
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| Military |
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| Military branches: | Sri Lankan Army, Sri Lankan Navy, Sri Lankan Air Force (2006) |
| Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2007) |
| Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 4,933,217
females age 18-49: 5,153,597 (2005 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 3,789,627
females age 18-49: 4,281,043 (2005 est.) |
| Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 174,049
females age 18-49: 167,201 (2005 est.) |
| Military expenditures—percent of GDP: | 2.6% (2006) |
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| Transnational Issues |
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| Disputes—international: | none |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons: | IDPs: 500,000-600,000 (both Tamils and non-Tamils displaced due to long-term Tamil conflict renewed in 2006) (2006) |
