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| Background: | The region of present-day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D. and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. An attempt by the incumbent Georgian government to manipulate national legislative elections in November 2003 touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. New elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his National Movement party. Progress on market reforms and democratization has been made in the years since independence, but this progress has been complicated by two ethnic conflicts in the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. These two territories remain outside the control of the central government and are ruled by de facto, unrecognized governments, supported by Russia. Russian-led peacekeeping operations continue in both regions. |
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| Geography |
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| Location: | Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia |
| Geographic coordinates: | 42 00 N, 43 30 E |
| Map references: | Asia |
| Area: | total: 69,700 sq km
land: 69,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km |
| Area—comparative: | slightly smaller than South Carolina |
| Land boundaries: | total: 1,461 km
border countries: Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km |
| Coastline: | 310 km |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
| Climate: | warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast |
| Terrain: | largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet’is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of Kolkhida Lowland |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Mt’a Shkhara 5,201 m |
| Natural resources: | forests, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth |
| Land use: | arable land: 11.51%
permanent crops: 3.79%
other: 84.7% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 4,690 sq km (2003) |
| Total renewable water resources: | 63.3 cu km (1997) |
| Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): | total: 3.61 cu km/yr (20%/21%/59%)
per capita: 808 cu m/yr (2000) |
| Natural hazards: | earthquakes |
| Environment—current issues: | air pollution, particularly in Rust’avi; heavy pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals |
| Environment—international agreements: | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Geography—note: | strategically located east of the Black Sea; Georgia controls much of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them |
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| People |
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| Population: | 4,646,003 (July 2007 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 16.7% (male 413,506/female 364,407)
15-64 years: 66.6% (male 1,489,081/female 1,605,021)
65 years and over: 16.7% (male 311,098/female 462,890) (2007 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 38 years
male: 35.5 years
female: 40.4 years (2007 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | -0.329% (2007 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 10.54 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Death rate: | 9.37 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -4.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.14 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.135 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.928 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.672 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2007 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 17.36 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 19.42 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 76.3 years
male: 73 years
female: 80.07 years (2007 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 1.42 children born/woman (2007 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—adult prevalence rate: | less than 0.1% (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—people living with HIV/AIDS: | 3,000 (2003 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—deaths: | less than 200 (2003 est.) |
| Nationality: | noun: Georgian(s)
adjective: Georgian |
| Ethnic groups: | Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%, other 2.5% (2002 census) |
| Religions: | Orthodox Christian 83.9%, Muslim 9.9%, Armenian-Gregorian 3.9%, Catholic 0.8%, other 0.8%, none 0.7% (2002 census) |
| Languages: | Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%
note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (2004 est.) |
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| Government |
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| Country name: | conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Georgia
local long form: none
local short form: Sak’art’velo
former: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic |
| Government type: | republic |
| Capital: | name: T’bilisi
geographic coordinates: 41 43 N, 44 47 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
| Administrative divisions: | 9 regions (mkharebi, singular – mkhare), 1 city (k’alak’i), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular – avtom respublika)
regions: Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli
city: Tbilisi
autonomous republics: Abkhazia or Ap’khazet’is Avtonomiuri Respublika (Sokhumi), Ajaria or Acharis Avtonomiuri Respublika (Bat’umi)
note: the administrative centers of the two autonomous republics are shown in parentheses |
| Independence: | 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union) |
| National holiday: | Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note – 26 May 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union |
| Constitution: | adopted 24 August 1995 |
| Legal system: | based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Mikheil SAAKASHVILI (since 25 January 2004); the president is both the chief of state and head of government for the power ministries: state security (includes interior) and defense
head of government: President Mikheil SAAKASHVILI (since 25 January 2004); Prime Minister Lado GURGENIDZE (since 19 November 2007); the president is both the chief of state and head of government for the power ministries: state security (includes interior) and defense; the prime minister is head of the remaining ministries of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 5 January 2008 (next to be held January 2013)
election results: Mikheil SAAKASHVILI reelected president; percent of vote – Mikheil SAAKASHVILI 53.5%, Levan GACHECHILADZE 25.7%, Badri PATARKATSISHVILI 7.1% |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral Parliament or Parlamenti (also known as Supreme Council or Umaghlesi Sabcho) (235 seats; 150 members elected by proportional representation, 75 from single-seat constituencies, and 10 represent displaced persons from Abkhazia; to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 28 March 2004 (next to be held in spring 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party – National Movement-Democratic Front 67.6%, Rightist Opposition 7.6%, other parties 24.8%; seats by party – National Movement-Democratic Front 135, Rightist Opposition 15 |
| Judicial branch: | Supreme Court (judges elected by the Supreme Council on the president’s or chairman of the Supreme Court’s recommendation); Constitutional Court; first and second instance courts |
| Political parties and leaders: | Burjanadze-Democrats [Nino BURJANADZE]; Georgian People’s Front [Nodar NATADZE]; Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG [Panteleimon GIORGADZE]; Georgia’s Way Party [Salome ZOURABICHVILI]; Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; Labor Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA]; National Movement Democratic Front [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI] (bloc composed of National Movement and Burjanadze-Democrats); National Movement [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]; New Rights [David GAMKRELIDZE]; Republican Party [David USUPASHVILI]; Rightist Opposition [David GAMKRELIDZE] (bloc composed of Industrialists and New Right Party); Socialist Party or SPG [Irakli MINDELI]; Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]; Union of National Forces-Conservatives [Koba DAVITASHVILI and Zviad DZIDZIGURI] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | Georgian independent deputies from Abkhaz government in exile; separatists in the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia |
| International organization participation: | ACCT (observer), ADB, BSEC, CE, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Vasil SIKHARULIDZE
chancery: 2209 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-2390
FAX: [1] (202) 393-4537 |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador John F. TEFFT
embassy: 11 George Balanchine Street, T’bilisi 0131
mailing address: 7060 T’bilisi Place, Washington, DC 20521-7060
telephone: [995] (32) 27-70-00
FAX: [995] (32) 53-23-10 |
| Flag description: | white rectangle, in its central portion a red cross connecting all four sides of the flag; in each of the four corners is a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; the five-cross flag appears to date back to the 14th century |
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| Economy |
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| Economy—overview: | Georgia’s economy has sustained robust GDP growth of close to 10% in 2006 and 12% in 2007, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. However, a widening trade deficit and higher inflation are emerging risks to the economy. Areas of recent improvement include increasing foreign direct investment as well as growth in the construction, banking services and mining sectors. Georgia’s main economic activities include the cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese and copper; and output of a small industrial sector producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, aircraft and chemicals. The country imports nearly all its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity, a growing component of its energy supplies. Despite the severe damage the economy suffered due to civil strife in the 1990s, Georgia, with the help of the IMF and World Bank, has made substantial economic gains since 2000, achieving positive GDP growth and curtailing inflation. Georgia’s GDP growth neared 10% in 2006 and 2007 despite restrictions on commerce with Russia. Areas of recent improvement include increased foreign direct investment as well as growth in the construction, banking services, and mining sectors. In addition, the reinvigorated privatization process has met with success. However, a widening trade deficit and higher inflation are emerging risks to the economy. Georgia has suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues; however, the new government is making progress and has reformed the tax code, improved tax administration, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on corruption. Government revenues have increased nearly four fold since 2003. Due to improvements in customs and financial (tax) enforcement, smuggling is a declining problem. Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by bringing newly available natural gas supplies from Azerbaijan. It also has an increased ability to pay for more expensive gas imports from Russia. The country is pinning its hopes for long-term growth on a determined effort to reduce regulation, taxes and corruption in order to attract foreign investment. The construction on the Baku-T’bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the Baku-T’bilisi-Erzerum gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki Railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia’s strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit point for gas, oil and other goods. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | $19.65 billion (2007 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | $9.553 billion (2007 est.) |
| GDP—real growth rate: | 12% (2007 est.) |
| GDP—per capita (PPP): | $4,200 (2007 est.) |
| GDP—composition by sector: | agriculture: 12.3%
industry: 29.7%
services: 58% (2007 est.) |
| Labor force: | 2.02 million (2007 est.) |
| Labor force—by occupation: | agriculture: 55.6%
industry: 8.9%
services: 35.5% (2006 est.) |
| Unemployment rate: | 13.6% (2006 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | 31% (2006) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 27% (2005) |
| Distribution of family income—Gini index: | 40.4 (2003) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 11% (2007 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | 26.7% of GDP (2007 est.) |
| Budget: | revenues: $3.68 billion
expenditures: $3.006 billion (2007 est.) |
| Agriculture—products: | citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables; livestock |
| Industries: | steel, aircraft, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese and copper), chemicals, wood products, wine |
| Industrial production growth rate: | 12% (2007 est.) |
| Electricity—production: | 8.338 billion kWh (2007) |
| Electricity—consumption: | 8.146 billion kWh (2007) |
| Electricity—exports: | 625 million kWh (2007) |
| Electricity—imports: | 433 million kWh (2007) |
| Oil—production: | 1,979 bbl/day (2005) |
| Oil—consumption: | 13,400 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
| Oil—exports: | 2,400 bbl/day (2004) |
| Oil—imports: | 13,530 bbl/day (2004) |
| Oil—proved reserves: | 35 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.) |
| Natural gas—production: | 14.39 million cu m (2005 est.) |
| Natural gas—consumption: | 1.8 billion cu m (2007 est.) |
| Natural gas—exports: | 0 cu m (2005) |
| Natural gas—imports: | 1.264 billion cu m (2005) |
| Natural gas—proved reserves: | 8.147 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.) |
| Current account balance: | $-1.582 billion (2007 est.) |
| Exports: | $1.24 billion (2007 est.) |
| Exports—commodities: | scrap metal, wine, mineral water, ores, vehicles, fruits and nuts |
| Exports—partners: | Turkey 12.7%, Azerbaijan 9.4%, Russia 7.7%, Armenia 7.5%, Turkmenistan 7.3%, Bulgaria 6.4%, US 6%, Ukraine 5.8%, Canada 5%, Germany 4.6% (2006) |
| Imports: | $5.2 billion (2007 est.) |
| Imports—commodities: | fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals |
| Imports—partners: | Russia 15.2%, Turkey 14.2%, Germany 9.5%, Ukraine 8.7%, Azerbaijan 8.7% (2006) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $1.3 billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
| Debt—external: | $4.5 billion (2007) |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: | $1.39 billion (2007) |
| Economic aid—recipient: | ODA, $309.8 million (2005 est.) |
| Currency (code): | lari (GEL) |
| Exchange rates: | lari per US dollar – 1.7 (2007), 1.78 (2006), 1.8127 (2005), 1.9167 (2004), 2.1457 (2003) |
| Fiscal year: | calendar year |
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| Communications |
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| Telephones—main lines in use: | 544,000 (2007) |
| Telephones—mobile cellular: | 2.4 million (2007) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: fixed-line telecommunications network has only limited coverage outside Tbilisi; multiple mobile-cellular providers provide services to an increasing subscribership throughout the country
domestic: cellular telephone networks now cover the entire country; urban telephone density is about 20 per 100 people; rural telephone density is about 4 per 100 people; intercity facilities include a fiber-optic line between T’bilisi and K’ut’aisi; nationwide pager service is available
international: country code – 995; the Georgia-Russia fiber optic submarine cable provides connectivity to Russia; international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service are available |
| Radio broadcast stations: | AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998) |
| Television broadcast stations: | 12 (plus repeaters) (1998) |
| Internet country code: | .ge |
| Internet hosts: | 30,193 (2007) |
| Internet users: | 332,000 (2006) |
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| Transportation |
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| Airports: | 23 (2007) |
| Airports—with paved runways: | total: 19
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 2 (2007) |
| Airports—with unpaved runways: | total: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2007) |
| Heliports: | 3 (2007) |
| Pipelines: | gas 1,591 km; oil 1,253 km (2007) |
| Railways: | total: 1,612 km
broad gauge: 1,575 km 1.520-m gauge (1,575 electrified)
narrow gauge: 37 km 0.912-m gauge (37 electrified) (2006) |
| Roadways: | total: 20,247 km
paved: 7,973 km
unpaved: 12,274 km (2004) |
| Merchant marine: | total: 209 ships (1000 GRT or over) 958,504 GRT/1,408,540 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 25, cargo 159, carrier 2, chemical tanker 1, container 5, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 180 (Albania 2, Azerbaijan 1, China 4, Cyprus 1, Egypt 14, Germany 2, Greece 7, Lebanon 3, Monaco 10, Romania 15, Russia 17, Slovenia 2, Syria 54, Turkey 23, Ukraine 24, UAE 1) (2007) |
| Ports and terminals: | Bat’umi, P’ot’i |
| Transportation—note: | large parts of transportation network are in poor condition because of lack of maintenance and repair |
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| Military |
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| Military branches: | Georgian Armed Forces: Land Forces (includes National Guard), Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2006) |
| Military service age and obligation: | 18 to 34 years of age for compulsory and voluntary active duty military service; conscript service obligation – 18 months (2005) |
| Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 1,038,736
females age 18-49: 1,105,910 (2005 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 827,281
females age 18-49: 903,791 (2005 est.) |
| Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 38,857
females age 18-49: 38,238 (2005 est.) |
| Military expenditures—percent of GDP: | 0.59% (2005 est.) |
| Military—note: | a CIS peacekeeping force of Russian troops is deployed in the Abkhazia region of Georgia together with a UN military observer group; a Russian peacekeeping battalion is deployed in South Ossetia |
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| Transnational Issues |
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| Disputes—international: | Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons: | IDPs: 220,000-240,000 (displaced from Abkhazia and South Ossetia) (2006) |
| Illicit drugs: | limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia |
