##cement Of Cathode Impetus Platinum And Impetus Layer Structure In A Proton Transportation Process

* The battery applies a voltage to the plates, charging one plate positive and the other plate negative. Alpha particles constantly released by the americium knock electrons off of the atoms in the air, ionizing the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the chamber. The positively-charged oxygen and nitrogen atoms are attracted to the negative plate and the electrons are attracted to the

- I think that the electrons that are emitted from the cathode are emitted with a range of velocities (perhaps like a Boltzmann distribution where average speed clusters in the middle of the range).

The United States of America is one of the biggest automobile markets in the world. This trend has also created awareness for environmentalist to bring attention to rising level of pollution and emission within the cities and metropolis. As response, the U.S. Government is encouraging the automobile manufacturers to produce clean and renewable alternative vehicles that will drastically reduce pollution and emission. Subsequently, the automobile industry has witnessed a gradual introduction of environmental friendly vehicles that use clean and renewable energy to encourage less pollution and safer environment. The manufactures of these vehicles have introduced into the market three categories of electric passenger car

The automotive industry is one of the largest industries in the entire world. As the world’s population grows and economic development occurs, the auto industry also expands. Unfortunately the growth in car numbers has had a negative environmenta, impact due to carbon dioxide and particulate emissions generated and released from the combustion process. Technology has developed a solution by utilizing the concept of hydrogen fuel cells. As the years have passed, there has been continuous development on automotive fuel cells and now it has come close to mass production of these vehicles. The main problem is the continued development of hydrogen fuel cells and their infrastructure may not be worth the cost.

The Fuel-Cell Propulsion Institute conducted research on a Hydrogen Fuel-Cell based Shunt Locomotive. The article

Another area of technology that the automobile industry is working on is fuel cells. Even though it is predicted that automobiles using fuel cells will not be released until 2010, Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV), may be the next revolutionary idea in automobiles. FCVs reflect a completely new way of thinking about automobiles. FCVs use electric

The future is, however, inherently murky. Fuel cells still face significant technological, political and economic hurdles before they can realize their truly awesome potential. An examination of these hurdles, set to the backdrop of an explanation of the

Electrical vehicles technology has been present for a while and is a proven technology that need only reshaping to meet the global need. Though, in the past, the technology had failed to compete with the internal combustion engine due to initial cost, the technology has done well in the past few years. Electric vehicle ability to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon and carbon dioxide and the advantages it enjoys such as low maintenance and running cost can enhance it market competitiveness. However, as experts try to make its charging system more efficient and its ability to store charge more long lasting, the global need continue to rise. The research proposal, therefore, aim at addressing an issue like government involvement can enhance improved use of EV, development of better EV batteries, energy management system and fast charging can help enhance the use of Electrical Vehicles and how electric vehicle drive train and the battery can be redesigned to make it affordable.

Automobile converters reheat the gases (Nitrogen gas, Carbon Dioxide, Hydro carbons, Water vapor, Nitrogen Oxides and Carbon monoxide) that are already heated by the vehicle’s exhaust at about 350°C and 650°C. A ceramic honey comb structure is used for both catalysts; this can be seen in Figure-2. The main reason for specifically using ceramic honey combs is because it increases the surface area, so that when a thin coating of the platinum group metals is used it can spread on a large area. Another reason is to make sure that pressure gradients are reduced and therefore the area of the honey comb be compacted.

Abstract – The world can’t be imagined without IC Engines ,as their applications are wider in various fields. And mainly used input for this engines are fossil fuels. But the challenge in this is decreasing rate of resources. The fossil fuels may not be available after some years if they used in the same way .Not only the fossil but also the electric power is the non renewable energy, This paper concentrates to run the engine without fossil fuels or electricity.

Electric cars are becoming very popular in today’s world and are becoming more main stream. One reason for this is the need for automobiles that have a lower or a zero carbon footprint. For the majority of the history of the automobile, the propulsion system was a gas or a diesel engine that would run off of fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels is very hazardous to our world and also creates much toxic pollution. However, electric cars run off of electricity, which is a very clean and pollution free resource, depending on how the electricity was produced of course. In this paper we are going to examine the history of electric cars, look into modern electric car technology, and peer into the future of electric car technology to see if EVs might be the answer to dramatically reducing our global pollution.

small, positively-charged proton with a negatively-charged electron orbiting very fast, a model analogous to the earth orbiting the sun, or the moon orbiting the earth. Fuel cells take advantage of this structure. Using a membrane and a catalyst, hydrogen is broken up into a proton and an electron. While there are many different membrane models for fuel cells, the most appropriate one for car travel is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM, also called the Proton Exchange Membrane). It is called this because protons are able to easily pass through the membrane. However, because the membrane does not allow electrons to pass through it, the electrons take a detour through an electrical circuit to the other side of the cell. If hydrogen is supplied into the cell at a steady rate, the stream of electrons in the electrical circuit creates electric power. However, like all batteries, you need a positive end (cathode) and a negative end (anode); in other words, the hydrogen atoms must have a “reason” to make this electrical circuit. And what is this reason? Oxygen. With oxygen at the other end, hydrogen is more than willing to create this current so that it can bind and form H2O, or water on the other end.

As the popularity of cell phones continues to increase, continually having a charged device becomes of utmost importance. In order to fulfill this need, designers have created portable chargers, such as the Siva Cycle Atom. The device claims to be 80% efficient and seems to be a viable solution that could be purchased by many individuals in a commercial setting.

Furthermore, ion implantation is a very precise and controllable doping method widely used both in research and semiconductor industries. It was already established in the 70s, however, mainly used for the electrical doping

Automobiles works on the fuel in which chemical energy is stored. This chemical energy is converted in mechanical energy by combustion of fuel in engine of cars. But most of energy is wasted in the exhaust of the automobile hence the efficiency of the vehicle also decreases. By using this major amount of exhaust energy we can improve the efficiency of vehicle. Experimental study states that 35% of total heat is wasted in exhaust. Therefore an attempt is made to use this waste for production of electrical energy to charge the battery used in automobiles that is the unavailable energy is used to convert into usable energy. This leads to increase the overall efficiency of engine. Hence an experimental set-up of Thermo-Electric Generator (TEG) consisting thermo-electric modules is designed to convert this thermal energy to electrical energy. With help of temperature difference and TEG’s electrical energy is produced by accounting working principle of Seebeck and petlier effect.