Wistar Essay

vulgaris plants, via the formation of a standard curve prepared using varying concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution. Following absorbance readings of the various BSA solutions, they were plotted against their concentrations providing an indirect measure for determining protein concentrations of the plant samples within the assay tubes, and through further calculations the sample protein concentration. The mean protein concentration for the control group was calculated to be 3.34 ± 1.30 mg/mL, while the mean treated group concentration was 2.01 ± 1.26 mg/mL. These results similarly like the chlorophyll results correlate with the literature articles, as a reduced protein content within the Paraquat treated plants can be expected to some extent (Chia et al., 1981). This reduction in protein concentration is the result of those superoxide anions produced by Paraquat, disrupting the chloroplast membranes and allowing for intracellular components including some proteins to leak out, hence the decrease in protein concentration in comparison to the non-treated plants (Qian et al., 2009). A slight outlier may exist within the treated groups protein concentrations as one of the groups provided a negative value for protein concentration which is not valid, but even after exclusion of that data value, results are still supportive of the expected outcome. Though these results support the claim of Paraquat toxicity causing membrane deterioration and leakiness, protein concentration values are rather more purposeful when used to analyze malondialdehyde (MDA) values on per mg of protein

Furosemide (lasix) works by blocking the re-absorption of sodum, chloride, adn water in the kidney tubules. It causes the sodium, cloride, and water to be excreted as urine. Lasix cause an increased output of urine.

Plant compounds play a very important role in the defense of plants and in this experiment the plant defense compounds of caffeine and Kava-kava were tested on Daphnia magna to test if there was a change in heartbeat of the organism. The purpose of the experiment was to see how these compounds affected the Daphnia magna. The t-values for both the caffeine and Kava-kava were calculated to be 1.82 and 1.62, which were both smaller than the obtained t-critical value of 2.57. A conclusion was drawn that there was no statistically significant difference in heart rate after the plant defense compounds of caffeine and Kava-kava were added compared to before they were added.

After drinking water, the control and test subjects had gradual increase of urine flow, reaching a peak then decreasing again, whereas the desmopressin subject had decreased urine flow after taking the hormone, thereafter plateauing. According to the Dunnett’s t test between the urine flow of the subjects, the urine flow of the treatment subjects was significantly different to that of the control.

The diuretic activity of Silybum Mariamum L. was higher than that of furosemide or Cistus landaniferus L. In addition, both plants increased urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and creatinine and the effect of Silybum marianum L. was higher than that of furosemide or Cistus landaniferus L.. Interestingly, both plants did not cause changes in the plasma sodium or potassium while furosemide caused hypokalemia. These findings are important since both plants might have a potential to be used as a future diuretics without hypokalemia which is a common finding with use of current diuretics such loop diuretics or hydrochlorothiazide. Because there was no effect of the plants` extract on plasma electrolytes and plasma osmolarity, it might be suggested that the active principle(s) in both plants may has/have a potassium-sparing effect. Furthermore, both plants increased creatinine clearance and studying their effect in kidney failure might explore their potential to help increasing creatinine clearance or ameliorating acute/chronic kidney

The reference drug furosemide also showed a marked increase in urine volume and in urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride (Rose, 1991; shinkawa et al. 1993; Jackson, 2001) with a similar pattern as that found with the ethanolic extract of E.hirta . the data suggesting a similar mechanism of action in both cases. Furosemide, like other loop diuretics, acts by inhibiting the luminal Na+, K+, 2Cl- symporter in the thick ascending limb of the Henle loop. By inhibiting the transporter, the loop diuretics reduce the reabsorption of NaCl in the kidney and also diminish the lumen-positive potential that derives from K+ recyling.

The most common medicinal use of uva-ursi leaves is as an antiseptic used to treat urinary tract infections. It has especially been used to combat the bacterial infections that cause cystitis and urethritis. However, the herb only seems to work as an effective UTI therapy when the urine is alkaline. The herb is also used for constipation due to its muscle relaxing and tissue contraction properties. Uva-ursi is readily available either as crushed leaf or powder, and arbutin, its major effector, is available in both synthetic and natural

The chronic administration of 0.75% (v/v) EG aqueous solution to the rats caused a significant increase in the urine volume (p < 0.001). On the day 30, urine output was 4.75 ± 0.35 ml/day in the control group, and 9 ± 1.21 ml/day in the EG group. HAEP increased further urine output when compared to the EG group during weeks 2nd, 3th and 4th week intervals and to the cystone group during 3th and 4th week intervals (Figure 1).

Opuntia has been used in traditional folk medicine due to its role in treating a number of diseases and conditions, including anti-inflammatory effects, hypoglycemic effects, neuroprotective effects, inhibition of stomach ulceration through antioxidant actions. It is also used for treating burns, bronchial,

In the Book X of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle concludes that a life of contemplation is the highest human activity. Aristotle states that the life of reason and contemplation will be the happiest because the gods are the happiest among all of us, and contemplation is characteristic of their own lives. Aristotle explained this statement in details when he states that the life of contemplation is more Godlike and since God is all-powerful it is safe to say that this life will lead us to the happiest and best life. These arguments are sound because he believes the life of contemplation to be the best life because it is the most Godlike. And since it is Godlike it can be considered the best life.

The Phaedo is the last of a series of dialogues Plato wrote concerning the trial and execution of Socrates. It is also one of the earliest of the writings of his “middle” period, moving away from the ethical concerns of the earlier dialogues to presenting “Plato’s own metaphysical, psychological, and epistemological views” (Connolly 1). The dialogue discusses the relation of the philosopher to death, the relation of the soul and the body, and presents three arguments for the immortality of the soul. For a modern person reading this dialogue, it is difficult to take most of what is argued seriously, except as a historical curiosity, for two interconnected reasons: first, that most of what is discussed would be considered to be a question of religious belief, not of philosophical argument, and second, that the arguments begin from assumptions (mostly

This indicates that the metabolism of proteins was apparently affected by Ch.t extract. The improvement on the levels of protein and albumin in the diabetic treated groups show that Ch.t extract have significant effect in glucose and protein level because insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis from protein [ ] or could be due to improvement in renal function. This affirmative agrees with the fact that the weight of skeletal muscles was significantly increase in diabetic rats treated with Ch.t extract. The decrease in albumin level documented for diabetic rats may be due to liver massive necrosis, deterioration of liver function, hepatic resistance to insulin and glycogen impairment of oxidative phosphorylation[ ].Under the same experimental conditions serum globulin level revealed an appreciable decrease[ ]. The renal pathogenesis is related to duration of diabetes, the most devastating complication with diabetes is nephropathy[

Animal testing is essential for developing lifesaving treatments. Due to experiments on animals we have treatments for diabetics, tuberculosis, breast cancer, malaria and brain injuries. Immunizations against mumps, polio, and hepatitis has saved a countless number of lives thanks to the discovery of new drugs. Roughly ninety-five percent of all lab animals are special-bred mice and rats. The balance of animals that are tested on is rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep, pigs, and fruit flies. Rodents are considered the number one choice for modern medical researchers because they have a short life span. They choose animals that have a life span of two to three years because that allows the scientists to observe what happens during the “fast forward” stage. Six out of the eight major discoveries were recognized with Nobel Prizes, some of which involve the bone-marrow transplant, cloning of genes, and the detection of proto-oncogenes in normal DNA. The essential need for animal research and observation is supported by health agencies and medical associations around the world.

Unlike modern medicine, herbal drugs can be adjusted according to the condition of each patient. The diagnostic approach depends on the tailored requirements according to the

and realize that helping means so much more then happiness to the one you’ve helped. It