Why Some Pathogens Become Resistant To Antibiotics

When an antibiotic is given to kill bacteria sometimes some of the bacterial can survive because it is adapting to its environment. The surviving bacteria will pass on their resistant genes from generation to generation. An example of a bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics is Tuberculosis. It is a contagious bacteria that infects the lungs. Over the years Tuberculosis has become resistant to multiple antibiotics due to directional selection.

The two mechanism by which a bacterial cell can be resistant to antibiotics are mutation and gene transfer. Through mutation new alleles are introduced to populations during DNA replication, and through gene transfer, DNA is passed among bacterial species. 5. Do you think drug resistance is more likely to develop in a species of bacteria that can double its population every 20 minutes or a species that doubles its population every 24 hours? Explain your answer.

Resistance methods may also include inactivation of the antibiotic by an enzyme (acetyltransferase or phosphotransferase). There is also the possibility of mutations in the bacterial rRNA which interferes with the reception of the drug to the bacterial cell. Another mechanism of resistance includes an active efflux pump, which transfers chemicals such as antibiotics out of (bacterial) cells.It has been observed that “cells exhibited upregulation and downregulation of genes involved in protein biosynthesis, nutrient transport, gene regulation, stress and metabolism” in the presence of the

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic drug in which it was originally sensitive to. Resistant organisms are able to withstand attack by antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals which makes standard treatment procedures ineffective. Antimicrobial resistance is something that has evolved naturally via natural selection through random mutations, it can also be achieved by applying an evolutionary stress on a population. Once a gene mutation is generated, bacteria can then transfer genetic information horizontally, between individuals, by plasmid exchange. When a microorganism carries multiple resistance genes, it is

The bacterial micro-organisms can increase their population by multiplying and increase the amount of the essential protein in the bacterium making it too many for the antibiotics to de-activate, produce (more) antibiotic-deactivating-enzyme and change the permeability of the cell membrane or wall of the antibiotic.

Bacteria that develop resistance to antibiotics are mutations that have evolved through the adaptation of their environment (Bethel). Scientific research has shown that the with evolution of bacteria that infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, are re-emerging (Hassan). The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis did not evolve alone because we have evolved ourselves. Scientists and many humans, after the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, thought that the era of infectious diseases was over, but that era lasted only about 50 years.

Each time an antibiotic is used it creates a “selective pressure” on the microbial community. The bacteria, which are susceptible to the antibiotic treatment, will be killed. This allows for the non-susceptible bacteria to grow without competition, and accordingly become the dominant population (8). Antibiotic resistance in bacteria occurs by two mechanisms. The first mechanism is a rare mutation in the genome, which allows the cell to

Antibiotics was developed to combat bacteria by zero in on the bacteria’s structure. As time goes by bacteria can defeat antibiotics in their natural selection. Natural selection plays an important role in the progression of antibiotic resistance. Most of the bacteria dies when it is exposed to antibiotics they are sensitive to. Therefore, it creates more space and availability of nutrients for the surviving antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Subsequently,

The development of antibiotics was an important advancement in 20th century medicine. Previously deadly infectious diseases are now routinely treated with antibiotics. Moreover, for modern-day medical procedures such as chemotherapy treatment to be successful, antibiotic use is necessary. For these reasons, the prospect of bacteria developing widespread resistance to antibiotics is a major concern as it would render many modern-day medical therapies unviable.

The process when bacteria, fungi, or viruses change while exposed to antibiotics is when antimicrobial resistance happens. When this does occur, it can cause for antibiotics and other medications to become less effective.

Today, the use of antibiotics is very common. The gene that causes antibiotic resistance typically arises naturally or from a mutation. When bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, the bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes within the plasmid survive; this is called selective advantage. This process of the survival of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics is a method of natural selection, causing more antibiotic resistant bacteria to be reproduced. They are rapidly reproduced by binary fission, conjugation, transformation,

Less than 50 years after penicillin was discovered, strains of bacteria were discovered to be resistant to antibiotics (Haddox, 2013). Over the years scientists have changed the structure of the antibiotics to avoid this resistance, every time the bacteria adapts to overcome the changes. Bacteria divides as fast as 20 minutes and have many different ways to adapt (Haddox, 2013). Bacteria pass their drug resistance between strains and species, causing antibiotics to be less effective to all bacteria (Haddox, 2013).

Antibiotic resistance grows is that the Bacteria altercation genetic information with surprising incidence, and not just when the actual copying is happening. Bacteria, their genes are not only on chromosomes

The evolution of resistance is clearly driven by the irrational use of antibiotics which threatens the

Antibiotics resistance occurs when bacteria change their structure as a mechanism for survivor. Once bacteria become resistant to antibiotics the illness they cause become more severe and thus treatment becomes hard then those caused by non-resistant bacteria. The second biggest threat to public health is the diminishing of effective antibiotics resulting from microbial antibiotic resistance.