Week Assignment Review 1 Substance Abuse Class

It is estimated that the annual incidence of tardive dyskinesia is at 5% (Lerner, Miodownik, & Lerner, 2015), with an average prevalence of 20% among those treated with antipsychotics (Khouzam, 2015). When it comes to tardive dyskinesia (TD), along with many other diseases, it is easier to prevent it than to treat it. In preventing TD, many clinicians prefer switching to an atypical antipsychotic because of earlier research that showed a 2.5-fold decrease in the development of TD (Lerner et al., 2015). However, new research is showing that the incidence between typical and atypical antipsychotics is not as significant as previously thought, with an incidence of 5.5% and 3.9%, respectively (Lerner et al., 2015). Regardless of the incidence and prevalence rates, TD deserves much attention because of its potential lasting effects. In treating and managing the symptoms of TD, evidence-based research has shown that there are some treatments that are

There are many assessment processes that are used to identify substance abuse as well as many other disorders that are addictive. These processes include the SBIRT, AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), NIDAMED, CAGE AID (which is used frequently within the counseling foundation), AUDIT-C, and also the DAST-10 which is an assessment process used to evaluate drug abuse within the patients. These are many different processes that are currently used to identify these addictions in clients. The activity of identifying these processes can be over a period of time or can be evaluated in that same day or after the evaluation is completed.

Next, Cummins discusses the marketing of 7-Up, originally named “Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda”, as a mood stabilizer. She then offers the name of a chemical compound, lithium citrate, contained in the soft drink until 1950, used to manage bipolar disorder.

High demand for amphetamines continued through the 1950’s and early 60’s. They were widely used by truck drivers who needed to drive long hauls at night and by high school and college students who needed to stay awake to cram for a big test. Our U.S. military still dispenses amphetamines today. It was used by doctors who worked long hours at the hospital and by athletes who needed more energy. Estimated sales in 1941 was about $500,000 but by the war years (WWII) sales reached more than $2 million. Finally, in 1965 amphetamine inhalers were removed from OTC sales and made a prescription only drug. (amphetamines.com). Finally, in 1971, Congress passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, which then classified amphetamines and methamphetamines as a Schedule II drug. This is the most restricted category for prescription drugs. There was now a higher demand for black market methamphetamines. (drugpolicy.org). Ephedrine was still sold OTC and became the active ingredient to this illicit drug. In 2004 states began applying stronger restrictions on sales of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine containing products. In September 2006, the Federal Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 restricted the retail sale of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine products nationwide. Medications that were once OTC were now kept behind pharmacy counters and

In 1955, antipsychotic medications were introduced to help mental disorders. These medications are usually taken orally in which help relieve symptoms for periods of days. The misuse or abuse of the medications are low. There are three generations of antipsychotic medications. The first generation is known for reducing hallucinations and delusions, but not affecting problems like disorientation or depression. An example would be chlorpromazine, brand name being Thorazine. Some negative side effects of taking the first generation drugs are Parkinson’s-like symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, and weight gain. Next, the second generation drugs minimized the outcome of the individual getting Parkinson’s-like symptoms. An example of this generation would be Clozaril. “A unique feature of Clozaril is the 1 to 2 percent chance of developing a potentially lethal blood disease called agranulocytosis” (Levinthal 282). This disease decreases white blood cells and affects the immune system. If early signs of this disease start to appear the patient will stop taking Clozaril and recover. Lastly, the third generation has shown to be the most effective on schizophrenia. Abilify is an example of this generation drug. It does not have a risk of Parkinson’s, tardive dyskinesia, or diabetes. Abilify blocks specific serotonin receptors in which prevents negative side effects from happening. These different

The 1950s saw several developments in medications such as antipsychotics. The term antipsychotic refers to medicines or drugs that are primarily needed to manage psychosis. They are usually used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, though they can be helpful for other mental health problems such as severe depression. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, a patient called Chief Bromden, describes his surroundings after taking medication. He said, “The words come to me like water, it’s so thick. In fact it’s so much like water it floats me right up out of my chair and I don’t know which end is up for a while. Floating makes me a little sick to the stomach at first. I can’t see a thing. I never had it so thick it floated me like this.” (Kesey 133) The quote gives an accuate picure of how an antipsychotic would work. Chlorpromazine, the first anitpsychotic, was synthesized in 1950 by the French pharmacuetical company Rhône-Poulenc. It was followed by the creation of many other drugs with diverse chemical structures. In 1954, another

First identified in 1940 by John Cade, an Australian researcher, earlier experiments with lithium showed it to have almost miraculous results on a group of individuals with established mania. Some of these individuals had spent several years in mental institutions. After lithium initiation, the symptoms disappeared and they were discharged. Despite its success, it was not until 1970 that the drug received FDA approval to be employed in the treatment of the disorder. Lithium is widely available in both sugar-free liquid forms and pill (Su, et al., 2004).

Amphetamine, first synthesized in 1887 in Germany, “was for a long time, a drug in search of a disease.” ("History of Methamphetamine.") In 1919 a stronger substance was formed in Japan. ("History of Methamphetamine.") This new substance was soluble making it easier to inject. ("History of Methamphetamine.") During World War II methamphetamine use skyrocketed, both the Allies and Axis were using it to keep their troops awake. ("The History of Crystal Methamphetamine - Drug-Free World.") “High doses were given to Japanese Kamikaze pilots before their suicide missions.” ("The History of Crystal Methamphetamine - Drug-Free World.") Then after the end of the war usage of methamphetamine by injection became rampant when supplies for the Japanese army became publically available.

While the main action of typical antipsychotics is on the D2 receptor, atypical antipsychotics show enhanced activity at 5-HT receptors with a low affinity for D2 receptors (Divac et al., 2014). Atypical antipsychotics are more effective in reducing cognitive and negative symptoms and result in fewer EPS than the typical antipsychotics (Davis, Chen, & Glick, 2003). The high binding affinity

The first analog of Ritalin (figure 3) has a structure that is somewhat similar to that of the

Antipsychotics are classified as major tranquilizers that are used to treat mental health illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses. They can also treat severe depression and severe anxiety. These antipsychotics drugs reduce or increase the effect of neurotransmitters in the brain to regulate levels that help transfer information throughout the brain. The neurotransmitters that are affected are the serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline.

In the early 1900s, cocaine was gaining popularity within African Americans in the south. Media outlets started printing headlines such as “Negro Cocaine “Fiends” Are a New Southern Menace”. Media outlets began running stories that exaggerated the affects of cocaine use by blacks. Rumors started running rampage that blacks who were under the influence of cocaine could withstand bullets, and work hard all day and night threating the jobs of whites. Things got so bad, that the intoxication of an African American was justification enough for lynching. As fear and misunderstanding grew amongst whites in the south, regarding cocaine use and blacks, laws soon became influenced. In 1914, congress passed The Harrison Act, which taxed and regulated the production, importation and distribution of opium and cocaine products. The Harrison Act was one of the United States first national anti-drug policies, The National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment.

Ms. Client is a twenty-two-year-old, Caucasian female was referred for a psychological evaluation by Dr. B., Clinical Psychiatrist and her therapist for her excessive use of cocaine, Xanax and other substances. Dr. B. stated Ms. Client has been experiencing loss of interest, feeling like a failure and frequently crying. Additionally, she complains that her struggle with substance abuse has impacted her social, emotional and behavioral functioning. Ms. Client was admitted to the facility following a relapse. This is her sixth substance abuse treatment program. The purpose of the current evaluation is to (1) assess present level of functioning, (2) determine diagnostic impressions, (3) to identify relevant treatment and service needs.

Use of psychoactive substances for recreational purposes is not a radically new social issue. In fact, history tells us that almost every society had their own pharmacopeia of herbs, potions, and substances that not only contributed to healing, but also allowed the user to escape reality (Schules 1992, 4-5). However, it is the contemporary use of psychoactive drugs purchased through illicit or illegal channels and used by persons neither prescribed nor in quantities larger than necessary that defines modern drug abuse (Robins 2006). Prior to World War I, substances like morphine, heroin, and cocaine were available in the major American cities, particularly those with active international ports. For instance, when Chinese immigrants were first imported to work in the mines and railroads during the early 1800s, they brought opium to America. It was the leisure class, who began to experiment with this drug, and, as in Europe, many major U.S. cities had so-called opium dens. In addition, there were a substantial number of "society women" who ended up addicted because their doctor prescribed this drug to deal with female histrionics or to "cure" an excessive sexual appetite (Johnson 2002). Within major cities, this problem began to spill over into other groups: prostitutes, child laborers, orphans, and even men and women of lower social classes seeking to escape the harshness of their lives (Courtwright 2002, 3-19). Between the widespread use and general

Some of the medications given to treat schizophrenics are thorazine, haldol, prolixin, etrafon, or trilafon. These medications are some of the original medications used. They are considered the conventional or “typical” antipsychotic medications used to treat the illness. Drugs like risperdal, geodon, zyprexa, abilify, invega and seroquel are all newer medications used to treat the illness. These medications are