NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE
The Evolution of Human Skin Color by Annie Prud’homme-Généreux Life Sciences Quest University, Canada
Part I Skin Cancer
“Stop it!” called Tatiana, playfully. Her boyfriend, Zach, was inspecting her skin very carefully. “Look,” he answered her, his voice taking on a more serious tone. “Today a woman walked into the clinic for her annual physical. Everything about her seemed ne. She leads a balanced lifestyle, she eats well, she exercises: she’s healthy! But as she was about to leave, I noticed a mole on her arm. It had many of the warning signs of skin cancer. So, I removed the mole. is woman now has to wait for the lab results to see if it was cancerous. If it is, maybe we caught
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Distribution of UV Light across the Globe e following image (Figure 1) represents a map of the world on which the UV-light Index has been superimposed. e latitudes are shown on the left (latitude helps de ne a location on Earth, speci cally how far north or south of the equator a site is).
Questions
4. Does the amount of UV light reaching the Earth vary in a predictable manner? If so, describe the pattern you observe. 5. What latitude receives the greatest amount of UV light? e least? 6. Based on these data, where might you expect to nd the most lightly pigmented and most darkly pigmented people on the planet? Be as speci c as you can. 7. Provide a rationale to your answer above (i.e., why did you think that more darkly pigmented people would be found in those areas)?
“
e Evolution of Human Skin Color” by Annie Prud’homme-Généreux
Page
NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Figure 1. Global UV Index Forecast.
Source: Figure obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Graph retrieved 18 October 2009 from http://www.cpc. ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/uv_index/gif_ les/uvi_world_f1.gif. is U.S. Government material is not subject to copyright protection within the United States.
“
e Evolution of Human Skin Color” by Annie Prud’homme-Généreux
Page
NATIONAL
Hennes and Mauritz AB is a Swedish retail-clothing company, which has expanded enormously in the past years. H&M has grown from one single store in a small town in Sweden to a multinational ranked as the second largest global fashion retailer with its 3,600 stores in over 58 countries and $22 billion in annual sales (The World’s). This incredible story of success makes us wonder about their strategies and how they managed to get where they are today.
2. How do you explain the relationship between the UV Index and latitude? (In other words, why does UV intensity change with latitude?)
My interest for the Attorney Advisor position with the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) arises from my longstanding commitment to constantly improve myself. I have always enjoyed legal research, writing, and the complexities of intellectual property. I have no doubt that my enthusiasm to research, my eagerness to learn, and my strong ability to communicate clearly, work efficiently, accurately, and quickly, will make me an invaluable asset to the USPTO. I believe these traits combined with my unique skillset, developed as a result of experiences working for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball (Diamondbacks), Nike Inc. (Nike), and the Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Liability Management Department (AG Office)
The building of the irrigation in the Wellton-Mohawk districts from the Colorado River increased crop yieds, therefore leading to higher income and profit greater than taxes.
Primarily responsible for the investigation into criminal violation(s) of the Immigration & Nationality Act (INA) that occur at the port of entry in violation of Title 8, Code of Federal Regulations and Title 18 United State Code. Conduct sworn statements, personal search,baggage search and review collected evidence. Conduct research of the criminal statute and immigration law to cite section(s) of law violated. Review completed case and determine if the case falls within US Attorney guidelines for acceptance. Liaison with Assistant US Attorney to seek acceptance of the case. Prepare criminal complaint in accepted cases and present to Assistant US Attorney. Testify in federal court during the proceedings as the government witness.
An example of an area would be in the European areas, where the UV radiation doesn’t beam down as strong onto our skin. If it was another hot open area such as Australia then the skin pigmentation stayed darker. In short, the skin pigmentation adapted to the lifestyle and the surround environment to better help survive in that climate. This is due to the body producing more melanin so the effects of the sun’s rays can be counteracted. Through generations successful genes are passed through the blood line, the human body also has a tendency to produce a particular amount of melanin depending on the location of where one
“Stop it!” called Tatiana, playfully. Her boyfriend, Zach, was inspecting her skin very carefully. “Look,” he answered her, his voice taking on a more serious tone. “Today a woman walked into the clinic for her annual physical. Everything about her seemed fine. She leads a balanced lifestyle, she eats well, she exercises: she’s healthy! But as she was about to leave, I noticed a mole on her arm. It had many of the warning signs of skin cancer. So, I removed the mole. This woman now has to wait for the lab results to see if it was cancerous. If it is, maybe we
DVT (deep vein thrombosis) is a blood clot that develops in the leg, thigh or pelvis. Although it is not common during pregnancy (only 1-2 pregnant women out of 1,000 experience it), pregnant women are 5 times more likely to have DVT than non-pregnant women.
Upper Valley Medical Center started its journey back in 1986 and thus is 31-year-old facility. Initially, it started as a 100-bed hospital facility. Over the years, it has grown to become a full-service facility providing 139 acute care beds and 249 long-term care bed tertiary care facility with 238 physicians covering 23 specialties. Upper Valley Medical Center provides full-range of high quality, cost-effective health care to Miami County. With in-patient, the UVMC health system encompasses several nursing homes and outpatient facilities (UVMC, 2017).
And then she prepares her readers for the rest of her article by signaling that she was about to discuss “six other mini-medical histories and one dispatch from the future.”
According to Ansell (2013), race is not real but merely a social construct that has been used to justify the inequalities that are a characteristic of our society. In exemplifying this school of thought, he argues that the difference in people’s skin pigmentation has more to do with their geographical location rather than biological inheritance. In this case, people who live in cooler climates tend to have lighter skins than those who live in warmer climates attributed to the difference in melanin levels that contribute to skin pigmentation. On the basis of this, society has come up with races which are not real.
“The color of our ancestors skin and ultimately my skin and your skin is a consequence of ultraviolet light, of latitude and climate. Despite our recent sad conflicts here in the U.S. there really is no such thing as race. We are all of one species. Each of us as much, much more alike than different. We all come from Africa… We are all going to live and die on the same planet. We have to work together (Svokos, 2015).”
According to Hess, “The angle at which solar rays hit Earth’s surface varies with latitude. The higher the angle, the more concentrated the energy and therefore the more effective the heating” (2011, p. 80). St. Louis, Missouri is located at 38° 39' N, 90°W, which puts it north of the Tropic of Cancer. The angle of incidence is between 10 and 40 degrees, which causes cooler temperatures since the insolation is spread out over a large area.
The evolution of TAVR over the last 15 years has allowed for ample research, ranging from patient selection to valve design to complications. TAVR is one of the few cardiac surgeries where women are represented at an acceptable rate and have a survival advantage19. Chandrasekhar et al. studied TAVR outcomes in women using the TVT registry and found a decreased mortality rate at one year compared to their male counterparts (21.3% vs. 24.5%, p<0.001).9 Several meta-analyses have been performed showing either an equivalent or decreased 30-day mortality rate, as well as a mortality benefit at 3-12 months.10,17,25,26 Chieffo et al. studied 1,019 women in the WIN-TAVI registry, the first all-female TAVR registry.27 This study found a 3.4%