Unit 2 study guide

which in turn inhibits the second order neurons that transmit the nociceptive signals to the

The descending control mechanism activates once noxious stimuli reaches the higher level processing area of the brain. Inhibition can occur through opiate release

Acute pain is a sudden onset of an unpleasant sensation and is usually sharp in quality. It serves to alert the body that something is wrong. There are many factors that could cause acute pain such as surgery, broken bones, dental work, burns, cuts, labor, or childbirth to name a few (Acute, 2014). Pain is the response triggered by the nervous system in response to tissue damage or damage to the body. Microscopic pain receptors, called nociceptor, within the skin register this occurrence and become active and begin sending electrical signals through, depending on the type of pain, either A-delta or C nerve fibres . This signal is passed from neuron to neuron through the spinal cord across junctions called synapses. Eventually this signal reaches

Pain can be categorized as acute or chronic pain. Chronic pain is described as pain that is both long-term and continuous, or is pain that persists after the expected healing time following an injury (British Pain Society, n.d.) Acute pain can provide a warning signal that an illness or injury has occurred. It is defined as pain that lasts less than three months and lessens with healing (Briggs, 2010). Acute pain can then be described in more detail by the following categories; somatic, visceral and neuropathic pain. Somatic pain is a localized pain described as sharp, burning, dull, aching or cramping. It is seen with incisional pain and orthopedic injuries or procedures. Visceral pain refers to an injury to the organs and linings of the body cavities. It produces diffuse pain and can be described as splitting, sharp or stabbing. This is pain that be described from patients with appendicitis, pancreatitis or intestinal injuries and illnesses. Injuries to the nerve fibers, spinal cord and central nervous system cause neuropathic pain. This pain can be described as shooting, burning, fiery, sharp, and as a painful numbness. This can be seen after an

The major concepts of this theory are defined theoretically since the use of these definitions is from a broader theoretic concept. Therefore, an operational concept could be developed from them. There is consistency in the use of these concepts throughout the theory of acute pain management with examples given using the same language as well as maintaining the integrity of the concepts.

Many people suffer from chronic widespread pain within their body. Physical pain can be described as unpleasant sensory experiences provoked by real or perceived tissue damage. The perception of pain and nociception can be induced at pressures and temperatures that are tremendous enough to cause some sort of injury or damage. Pain can also be portrayed as a variety of sensations such as lancinating, stabbing, pricking, burning, throbbing, cramping, and aching. Noxious stimuli are detected by specialized neurons called nociceptors. After repeated incidence of injury, nociceptors can be sensitized leading to allodynia and/or hyperalgesia. Allodynia is the perception of pain from normally harmless stimuli. Hyperalgesia is an increase

Acute pain is a strong pain that does not last longer than three months. According to Bryant and Knights (2015), an acute pain gives an extreme feeling soreness associated with injury, surgery and diseases. However, the treatment can reduce the pain in a short period of time. The untreated acute pain may develop to a chronic pain and neuropathic pain. Due to the high level of pain in acute pain, the use of analgesic drugs such as opioid is necessary to control the pain. Filizola and Devi (2012) claim that as opioid drugs like morphine and codeine are highly potent analgesics. However, there are several side effects that influence the medical efficiency of the drugs. Furthermore, as an agonist analgesics, morphine relies on the Opioid Receptors

Pain can be defined as having two components, sensory and emotional. Nociception is solely the sensory component of pain. Nociceptive pain is usually acute and can produce hyperalgesia, which is an increased sensitivity to the injury site [1, 2]. Chronic pain is defined as pain that outlasts the healing time of an injury, usually lasting about 3 months or more [3], whereas acute pain is a normal sensation that alerts the body of possible injury [2]. Neuropathic pain is chronic, abnormal pain that is spontaneously caused by peripheral or central nerve damage [1-4]. It is usually associated with stimuli that is not normally painful, known as allodynia. This pathological pain may be continuous or episodic and can resemble a stabbing, sharp, or

‘Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage’ (International association for the study of pain 2014). Pain can be made up of complex and subjective experiences. The experience of pain is highly personal and private, and can not be directly observed or measured from one person to the next (Mac Lellan 2006). According to the agency for health care policy and research 1992, an individuals self-report of pain is the most reliable indicator of its presence. This is also supported by Mc Caffery’s definition in 1972, when he said ‘Pain is whatever the experiencing patient says it is, existing whenever he says it does’.

First, pain is a sensory experience resulting from perception of action potentials in nervous system. Pain can be observed in varying strengths and forms based on factors such as past experience, stress, and anxiety. The endogenous pain system can enhance or inhibit the perception of pain based on these factors. Nociceptors are sensory receptors responsible for detecting unpleasant stimuli, and relaying that information to the central nervous system. These receptors are split into two sub groups: Aδ-fibers and C-fibers. Aδ-fibers are thinly myelinated, and have a small diameter. These fibers respond to light stimuli by having a low activation requirement and a rapid signal conduction. C-fibers are unmyelinated, with a slow conduction. These

Acute pain is the response given by a potentially harmful stimulus, is temporary in nature, and is often described as sharp, stinging, or throbbing. Common methods at inducing this response during experimentations with a model organism is through pricks of a needle or a hot plate.

Acute pain is a time limited response to a potentially dangerous stimuli; is often somatic in nature, referring to pain in the soft tissue, i.e. skin and muscle (Millan, 1999). For example, a model organism like a mouse exposed to a hot plate can induce behavior representative of acute pain. This form of pain is adaptive, in which the pain response can induce protective response behaviors, and thus can remove itself from the stimulus (Millan, 1999).

Nociception defines as the detection mechanisms of noxious stimuli by the primary afferent nociceptors of the peripheral nervous system (National Research Council, 2009), encoding and transferring by the central nervous system (Barrot, 2012). Noxious stimuli activates nociceptors that are in the periphery and enters in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord via dorsal root ganglion, ascends to the thalamus via spinothalamic tract. Nociception can happen without pain. Pain is an unpleasant sensory product of higher brain centre (National Research Council, 2009), often associated with potential tissue damage (Barrot, 2012).

Pain is a sensation that hurts. It may cause discomfort, distress or agony. It may be steady or throbbing. It may be stabbing, aching, or pinching. However you feel pain, only you can describe it or define it. Because pain is so individual, your pain cannot be “checked out” by anyone else. Pain may be acute or chronic. Acute pain is severe and lasts a relatively short time. It is usually a signal that body tissue is being injured in some way, and the pain generally disappears when the injury heals. Chronic pain may range from mild to severe, and it is present to some degree for long periods of

According to MedicineNet.com, pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience and often causes severe problems for patients. Chronic pain is widely believed to represent disease itself. It can be made much worse by environmental and psychological factors. Chronic pain persists over a longer period of time than acute pain and is resistant to most medical treatments. Some tests that are being used to determine the cause of pain include: electromyography (EMG), nerve conduction studies and evoked potential (EP) studies; imaging, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); neurological examination, which tests movement, reflexes, sensation, balance, and coordination; or X-rays.