The Two Breed Crossbreeding System

Apply your understanding of how alleles assort and combine during reproduction to evaluate a scenario involving a monohybrid cross.

_____ In swine, when a pure-breeding red is crossed with a pure-breeding white the F1 are all red. However, the F2 shows 9 red, 1 white and 6 of a new color, sandy. The Sandy phenotype is most likely determined by

A CIDR is a T-shaped device with flexible wings that move to form a rod to insert into the vagina, and a tail is attached to make removal as easy as possible. The CIDR 's nylon spine is covered with a progesterone embedded silicone skin. The CIDR is inserted for seven days, which causes the female’s blood progesterone levels to rise rapidly, with maximum concentrations reached within an hour of insertion. Progesterone levels are maintained at a constant level during the following week. When the CIDR is removed, progesterone concentrations rapidly decrease. Caution should be taken when handling CIDRs; always wear gloves to prevent exposure to progesterone and the introduction of contaminants into the vaginas of other cows. The CIDR 's greatest advantage is to facilitate fixed-time artificial insemination, where no estrus detection is necessary. The protocol is simple, but there are some differences in timing for mature cows and young heifers. For all females, the CIDR is inserted and a GnRH vaccine, such as Cystorelin or Factrel, is injected at the same time. Seven days later, the CIDR is removed and the cow receives a prostaglandin F2 injection, such as Lutalyse. In mature cows, artificial insemination should occur sixty to sixty six hours after CIDR removal, and a second GnRH injection should be

When breeding these cattle, high fertility Angus bulls will be used. Some of the bulls with be bred to straight Angus cows and heifers, while others will be bred to pure or mixed Hereford cows and heifers. Around 20 bulls will be present in this herd, noting that many head in this herd are of the younger age and not ready to breed. This number of high fertility bulls will ensure that most of the cows should be bred by the time breeding season is coming to an end. Around the time for breeding season to end, all female cattle will be brought in to be preg-checked. If not pregnant, that cow will be separated into a corral and will need to be artificially inseminated. Once all cows have gone through, the females that need to be artificially inseminated will wait until the next day or couple days to

The two recessive alleles are both on the same chromosome. Genes A and B completely follow Mendel’s principles of inheritance; genes B and C are physically connected together and never are separated from each other at any time during any cell division cycle or fertilization event. Draw below the gamete genotypes that this individual could produce.

At these units Hariana was to be crossed with Friesian, Brown Swiss and Jersey frozen semen of high merit bulls under a planned mating program. Later this project was renamed as All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Cattle and started functioning from 1.4.1969. The coordinating unit of the project was established at IVRI, Izatnagar. In 1970, three more units namely Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Lam, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri and Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur with Ongole as the foundation breed at Lam, and Gir at the two remaining centers were added to the project. In 1972 the UNDP/PL-480 international crossbreeding project at Haringhata with Hariana breed was also merged in the AICRP on cattle. The results from these and other similar projects indicated that Holstein crosses irrespective of any indigenous breed and the agro-ecologies involved produced the highest quantity of milk followed by Brown Swiss and Jersey crosses given the necessary feed, health and management inputs. The results also indicated that in areas with good feed resources specially irrigated cultivated fodder, crossbreeding of indigenous non-descript and low producing cattle with Holstein and stabilization of exotic inheritance at 50 % through interbreeding and further

Abd El-Shaffy and G. A. Abd El-Rahman.  El-Nor, Khalif and El-Shaffy are from the Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.  Khattab and El-Sayed are from the Animal Production Department Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra Al-Kheimah, Cairo, Egypt.  The last author El-Rahman is from the Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University.  All that was just listed was the source of authority that these authors have in their country.  These authors or professors are well-prepared to write about this topic because they talk about the whole experiment.  They inform the reader about what was done in the experiment and what came out of the experiment.  This article came from Revista Veterinaria.  The intended readers are possibly Buffalo breeders to see what is the best way to feed the calf and what milk is the most nutritious.  Also people that are interested in this topic can read this article as well.  There

It is common for the semen of 2-3 bulls to be used to ensure at least one quality sample to produce a pregnancy. In the instance that multiple donors are used, parentage is confirmed via DNA analysis. Most frequently, nonsurgical insemination is performed. This method calls for a trained and accommodating elephant as a large bore cannula is inserted into the lower urogenital tract. A 3m endoscope is inserted through the cannula and conducted to the hymen in first time mothers and the cervix or uterine horn of a cow that has calved. A small insemination cannula is used to deposit semen into the vagina, threaded through the hymen in nulliparous cows. In parous cows the semen may be deposited further into the uterus.14 Surgical insemination

To minimize the N.E.B the cow should be in the correct body condition before calving down, a score of 3.0 is appropriate. If the cow is too fat the she will not have the appetite to eat in early lactation which will affect the peak milk yield. It is key that the food intake is maximized post calving therefore the cow should have ad libitum access to forage at all time, the forage should also be of a high quality in early lactation, this is not as important when you move down the cycle. To overcome any limitations of forage concentrates like Molasses and Maize should also be used. A good concentrate mix for a dairy cow should contain starch sources of varying degradabilites, Molasses is rapidly degradable source while maize is a slowly degradable source of starch. There are two methods for feeding concentrates, in parlour and out of parlour. In parlour feeding systems the parlours are fitted with concentrate dispensing hoppers which dispense into the feed manger. A cow will receive 5kg per milking while a heifer will receive 4kg per milking. Out of parlour feeding is where feed is given out by transponders, in small amounts very often. Picture 1 shows an in parlour feeder system.

When it comes to feeding show cattle many raisers have certain feeding strategies that they follow, ensuring they can maintain their goal on winning. Along with feeding it takes exercise so that one’s show calf will not become stout nor stubborn. Certain aspects are necessary to show an animal

A bull being used for artificial insemination can breed up to 500,000 cows in their lifetime, which is usually only 5 to 10 years. After their death, a bull’s semen that is kept in the correct way, can still be used to breed generations down the line. The time for keeping semen frozen is projected at 40-45 years old. A bull that is known greatly in the show cattle industry for being deceased and still able to buy semen from them is the bull, Man Among Boys. With artificial insemination, a person can breed for the qualities they want or need, unlike natural breeding which they would receive only the qualities from the same bull that is located at their farm. Also, an advantage of artificial insemination is the availability. Anyone can find semen sales anywhere from a local cattle farm or online. And finally, fewer sires on a person’s farm is needed because they would receive a stick of semen instead of an entire

The pairs of alternative traits examined segregated among the progeny of a particular cross, some individuals exhibiting one traits, some the other

Sometimes, prognathism is also seen. Both of these features means that the calves find it harder to suckle when young. (12) This means they do not get enough nutrients from their mother’s milk as a calf. This means that they have a lower ability to survive to an adult, and to the reproductive age. This means that there will be fewer cows and bulls that are able to breed, to produce Belgian blue calves. This means that the survival of the Belgian blue cattle population

The production cycle of beef cattle starts off with a heifer being inseminated. A heifer is a young female cow that hasn’t given birth. (2) In order for a heifer to be inseminated she has to be between 14 and18 months and weighs from 1200 to 1300 pounds. (2) After the heifer is inseminated gestation or pregnancy period starts and it lasts for 283 days or 9 months. (2) After the calf is born it will live on the pasture with the mother to feed and get nutrient from her milk. During the 1st trimester the cow will be inseminated again. At that time the cow is eating for three. (1) After 6-8 months or during 2nd trimester the calf is weaned away from its mother so that the mother can get enough food and nutrients for herself and the calf she’s

Genetics in cattle is responsible for several aspects including the look, soundness, build, and quality of meat. Naturally the most effective way to improve the quality of heard is to focus on genetics. The ways of improving genetics include selecting what bull to put with the heard, artificial insemination, traditional embryo transfer, and in-vitro fertilization. Research was conducted on all these process to prove that IVF is a practical method of improving genetics and a sound investment. The conclusion shows that IFV is a practical method and a sound investment. However, traditional embryo transfer is more effective and less expensive than IVF.