Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY AND INTRODCTION 1.1.1 Problem summary India is the seventh largest nation with an area of 3.287 million km2. Moreover, it is a relatively rich and rapidly developing country; for this reason demand for electricity is growing on significantly average at around 5% annually. In addition, one of the most fascinating aspects of solar cells is their ability to convert the most abundant and free forms of energy into electricity without moving parts or components. Also, they do not produce any adverse forms of pollution that affect the ecosystem. India’s rooftop solar capacity addition grew 66 percent from last year to reach 525 mega watts. The state power grid system has supplied electricity to approximately 80% of the population living in the state capitals and industrial centres. Based on recent studies, PV technology and application is economically viable to be adopted in tropical countries like India where it receives more than 7 hours of direct sunlight each day throughout the year. Hence, India now tends to move on the new trend of solar energy. To measure the data continuously was not an easy task for earlier technology because of lack in advancement of software technology. So, we have used LabVIEW software for continuous measurement. It provides all the facilities in one place. The LabVIEW software is a national instrumentsTM product that is used to monitor the data for real time applications. Laboratory Virtual instrumentation for
The PV module has been designed by considering the irradiance, temperature and number of PV cells connected in series and parallel. Figure 5.1 shows the simulink model of solar system. Here only function file used to show the solar system, the program code is given in the appendix. Here we are using a battery. The system is generated 240volt and current is 2.9 A.
The amount of electrical energy generated from the PV array exceeds the demand in the building. This helps offset the energy demand for the building while winter months as much energy is used in heating the rooms. To ensure low energy consumption levels, various innovative power-saving measures have been adopted. For instance, all office electrical panels go off automatically at night. Additionally, ecological plug systems have been incorporated in the laboratory to aid the laboratory users to disconnect nonessential equipment.
Solar cell or photovoltaic (PV) systems usually transformed energy from the sun in to electric current. It can be measured in terms of ‘‘conversion efficiency’’, the proportion of solar energy transformed to electricity. (Henderson, Conkling, & Roberts, 2007) Sunpower primarily focused on the production of solar cell. But by moving in to wafer manufacturing it soon incorporated in to manufacturing of solar power module units. In general Sunpower manufacturing process needed approximately two times as many steps as the usual solar manufacturing process need and many of these steps were distinctive to Sunpower. Sunpower has nearly 15 -20 established cell manufactures, a handful of silicon – based cell manufacturing upstarts and a number of thin film solar companies offering potentially unsettling technologies.
Solar energy may define as the energy received by the earth from the sun. This solar energy is in the form of solar radiation. With the help of solar cells, solar radiation can convert into electricity. Sun is a highly powerful energy source, humans and natures are directly depending on the sun. For example in hydro-electricity the solar energy needed for the evaporation of water after that it returns to earth as rain and provides water in dams. In biomass, the solar energy used that process. Solar cells directly converted solar radiation into electricity, during the process time there is no noise or pollution are there. These cells made with some semiconducting materials. If use solar cells in our home it will help to reduce the greenhouse gas emission, minimise the percentage of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere and mainly reduce the necessity of fossil fuels and natural gas use to produce electricity. According to the Ben Sorensen, solar energy is one of a good source of substitute energy, for the reason that it is renewable, economical and does not pollute our environment. Thus, this essay will be divided into three parts. Firstly, we will talk about fossil fuels and its demerits. Secondly, we will look at the issues and implications of solar energy. Finally, we will focus on the advantageous and disadvantageous of solar energy respectively.
According to the 2011 India census there are approximately 28 million Christians (Knapp). This number equates to about 80% of the total population of Canada. To some this would seem that Christianity is flourishing in India. However, the total population of India is 1.25 billion; Christianity only makes up approximately 2.2 per cent of the entire population, while Hinduism makes up 79.8 per cent and Islam 14.2 per cent. Further, since 1951, there has not been a significant increase in the rate of Christians when compared with the total Indian population as it has hovered around 2.3 per cent (Knapp). It is worth noting however that since 1951 the total Christian population in India has grown from around 8 million people to the 28 million it is today (Knapp). It has since been over two thousand years since Christianity was first introduced to India by Thomas, the apostle; it can be argued that Christianity has had a difficult time flourishing as it is a very distant third as the religion of choice in India. This paper will discuss some of the obstacles that have challenged the growth of Christianity in India. These obstacles include; the historically entrenched caste system of India, the strong belief in the secular state and the persecution of Christianity. Although, these obstacles are formidable and may never be totally overcome, Christianity can still grow and be a mainstay in Indian society. However, more than likely it may not be able to usurp the power that Hinduism and
In our discussions about mass shootings and guns, terrorism and warfare, let us remember the problem begins with hatred, which is often founded on a determined lack of understanding.
RESs based electrical energy is essentially compelled by geographic variables and utility components. India is one of the best beneficiaries of sunlight-based energy because of its ideal area in the sun-powered belt (40°S to 40°N). Accessibility of consistent solar radiation forecasting is crucial to the fulfillment of solar PV installations in distinctive geographical locations of the nation (Ramachandra et al., 2011). The Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) is beneficial for flat type solar collector while for sun creditors, which might be concentrating in nature Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) data forecasting is needed. Indian Meteorological Section is the foremost government corporation in subjects regarding meteorology in the country. MNRE has taken several initiatives to install numerous major projects in order to develop a Solar Atlas, which is capable of valuing or quantifying solar radiation as well as other weather parameters. In Phase I, C-WET, situated in Chennai, established a system of 51 monitoring stations crosswise over India in the end of Oct-2011, each comprising of two towers of 1.5m and 6m. The 1.5m tower houses worked as Pyranometer and Pyrheliometer. While the 6m towers deal with precipitation, temperature variation, atmospheric pressure, moistness/ humidity, and wind speed surveying instruments. The maximum number of towers comprising of surveying instruments are situated in- Rajasthan, i.e. 12 towers
The increasing demands of energy and oil, insecure energy resources and emission of hazardous gases have attracted the attention of the whole world towards renewable energy. In the world, at this time the future of energy is concentrated much amount on renewable energy sources as the fossil fuels are decreasing and becoming costly day by day. This proposes very simple, low cost, high reliable, photovoltaic monitoring system. Lab-view is a virtual programming code. So we can write simple codes in programming them to do assigned task for it. The time taken for writing code in a lab view is very less compared to the MATLAB and SIMULINK. In this project, we will monitor the data of PV solar cell using Lab VIEW software. First of all, solar radiation will come on solar cell. Next, charge will controlled by charge controller and also save the battery from overcharging. Then, from the battery, given sensor will sense the parameter of solar cell. The sensed data will be given to Lab-view software in this project.
Geography of the Indian subcontinent influenced the development of civilization there greatly, because of how diverse India is. The geography of the Indian subcontinent had a big affect not only with the development of civilization, but on economics, religion and social order as well. The Indian subcontinent is diverse in many ways, such as the array of languages, as well as the reputation of being a “cradle of religion” which created two of the world’s major religions, Hinduism and Buddhism(p. 38).
Solar Energy a clean renewable resource with zero emissions attracts wide Social interest. India is lying near to the equator and is blessed with huge potential with 300 sunny days covering
Multiplicity in Indian taxes has created complicated tax structure and has led to increase in the administration cost. To deal with this issue, the empowered committee of state finance ministers led by Mr. Asim Dasgupta has proposed the need to shift to GST regime from the existing VAT structure. This paper tries to analyze the impact of the proposed reform in the indirect tax system and whether it will boost the Indian economy by improving Tax-to-GDP ratio.
Introduction. Vitality will be particular case An vital inputs to the investment improvement of whatever nation. On account of the Creating countries, for example, such that India, the vitality division expects An discriminating criticalness in perspective of the at any point expanding vitality necessities requiring tremendous ventures with help them.
Over the last century China and India has had economic growth. There has been substantial deterioration in poverty in both poor countries, but much more so in China. However, that economic growth and deterioration of insufficiency was not spread equally among the lives of the poor especially as it relates to health. In comparison, the health outcome in China has been much better than that of India and has been for numerous decades. According to Kanjilal, Mazumdar, Mukherjee, and Rahman (2010) the lifespan in China had risen in 1975 to a rate that India still had not achieved in the year 2000; as an example, life expectancy rate at birth in India is currently the same as what China’s was in 1970. Additionally, 46% of the children age three and under in India are underweight, and only 8% in China; however, for children in India age five and under the mortality rate is more than two times that of China (Jones, Jones, Perry, Barclay, & Jones, 2010).
Abstract: The current energy situation with fossil fuels as the main source of the world’s energy has two main flaws: fossil fuels contribute to global warming via the greenhouse effect and they are limited in the quantity that remains. Solar power solves both of these problems and can be captured by utilizing photovoltaic cells. However, photovoltaic cells have their own drawbacks due to their high costs of installation and maintenance.
Did you know that India is the second most populated country in the world? India’s population rate went up to 1.2 billion in past few years, which has a negative impact on the quality of life, lived in India. The resources cannot sufficiently support the growing population. For example: as population grows, we put much more demands on our resources to grow food and provide energy, but currently energy production requires fossil fuels which contributes to pollution and global warming. This in turn makes it harder to grow enough food to feed the growing population, which leads general public of India to reduce their quality of life. In 2000 the Prime Minister of India is also giving a statement relates to overpopulation, “If the present rate of growth of our population remains unchecked”, Said India’s Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee, “India will become the world’s most populous country by the mid-dle of this century and essential requirement like drinking water, shelter, and health will difficult to meet”.