The HPV Vaccine and Its Effect on Cancer Screening and Prevention

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of more than 40 types of viruses that infect the genital areas, throats (recurrent respiratory papillomatosis), and mouths of males and females and is the number one most common sexually transmitted disease (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2009). It is spread by genital contact. It is most easily spread by vaginal and anal sex, but also through oral sex and even just genital-to-genital (skin-to-skin). In 90% of people that contract HPV, their own immune system

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is very common throughout the United States and worldwide (World Health Organization (WHO), 2016). There are over 100 different forms of the virus with 13 of these types being capable of causing cancer (WHO, 2016). HPV can lead to the development of serious health problems. Theses health problems are especially an issue for adolescent women due to the highly increasing STD rates among this age group (Kostas-Polston, Johnson-Mallard & Berman, 2012). There is a vaccine for many of the common types of HPV, however, many parents are refusing to vaccinate their daughters for various reasons. With the rising cases of STDs, less birth

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a widespread sexually transmitted infection. Approximately 14 million Americans are infected with HPV each year ("HPV Vaccine for Preteens and Teens,"). HPV also causes several types of cancers, such as vaginal cancer and anal cancer. More than 27,000 women and men are affected by a HPV-related cancer annually ("The Link Between HPV and Cancer,"). The most common HPV cancers for women and men are cervical cancer, and oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers, respectively. Research has demonstrated that many cancers caused by HPV can be prevented by the HPV vaccine, which is administered in 3 doses over 6 months ("The

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). There are over 100 types of HPV, but only 40 types affect the genital area and can cause genital warts and cervical cancer in women (“Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine”). In 2011 in the United States, 12,109 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer. Of those, 4,092 women died (“Cervical Cancer Statistics”). HPV is not only contracted from sexual intercourse, but also from skin to skin contact, including oral sex. The STI affects males and females involved in both homosexual and heterosexual sexual activities. Over 70 percent of sexually active individuals contract and carry HPV before the age of 80. In order to combat HPV two different brands of HPV vaccination – Gardasil and Cervarix – were created. Both include a vaccination plan of three shots over the course of six months. Gardasil was created by Merck & Co., and was licensed by the FDA in June 2006. The vaccine protects against HPV types 16 and 18, which lead to cervical cancer, as well as types 6 and 11, which cause 90% of genital warts. The FDA later approved Cervarix, created by GlaxoSmithKline, in 2009, which only protects against HPV types 16 and 18 (“Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine”). Originally, Gardasil was only approved for females, but three years after the release, the vaccine was approved

What is HPV (human papilloma virus)? HPV is the most common STI (sexually transmitted infection). There is a definite link with cervical cancer, which can cause other cancers. The Gardasil vaccine was approved in 2006 and the key age for this vaccine is eleven years old (Whitehead). Moreover, females can get vaccinated up to the age of twenty-six and the vaccine will still be effective. In, addition, males can be vaccinated up to the age of twenty-one and the vaccine will still be effective (Whitehead). However, vaccinations are still not widely accepted and often have a bad reputation associated with them which makes it harder to propose the idea of vaccination. When vaccinating younger children parents are the main controversy (Whitehead). Many parents do not feel the need to vaccinate their child against a sexually transmitted infection because the key age for this vaccination is eleven years old. Many parents do not want to think that their young child could ever be sexually active. However, the reason for vaccination at such a young age is to prevent HPV from ever being a problem. In addition, the vaccine, Gardasil, is effective against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (FDA). Furthermore, there is a link between Gardasil vaccination and race within society as a whole. This link can widen racial inequality more than it diminishes racial inequality.

Thesis statement: Healthcare providers should educate the parents of 11-12 year old boys and girls about human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the HPV vaccine because HPV infection is prevalent and the chance of an adolescent being infected is high, persistent infection with the high-risk types 16 and 18 can cause serious health problems, and in order to assure effectiveness, the vaccine must be administered prior to contact with the virus.

HPV Virus is responsible for more than 70% of vulvar and vaginal cancers and 90% of cervical and anal cancers.Statistics reveal 33,200 HPV related cancers are reported in the United States each year(CDC,2014). There is no treatment for HPV virus infections as the natural immunity will clear the virus from the body over time. However there are ways to prevent the infection by preventive measures like condoms and vaccines to prevent cervical cancer in high risk individuals. There are two HPV vaccines mainly Gardasil and Cervarix which provide protection against HPV infection. HPV vaccines are recommended for boys and girls in the ages of 11 to 12 years as well as for

Currently, cervical cancer is highly preventable. Nine out of ten women survive cervical cancer when it is caught and treated early (Texas Cancer). While annual pap smear is an important tool to detect cervical cancer, HPV vaccination in teenagers has been shown to decrease the rates of cervical cancer (Texas Cancer). As the current rate of HPV vaccination remains low, there is pressing need for an innovative solution to increase HPV vaccination among teenagers, especially those in high-risk groups such as Hispanics and African Americans.

Schmidt and Parsons investigated the trends of HPV vaccination, interests, and reasons for non-vaccination in young adult women. Results of testing showed that women who had received one or more doses of the vaccine were more likely to be between the ages of 18-21, to be non-hispanic white, to have private health insurance and a usual source of care that has not been delayed, and to have more than a high-school education. Among women 18-26 years of age, the HPV vaccine uptake increased from 11.6% in 2008 to 34.1% in 2012. In 2008 and

Studies show that the amount of responders was about 100% for both of the vaccines while the magnitude of the responses in CervarixⓇ were usually higher than those in GardasilⓇ. It has been shown in studies protection can last at least 6.4 years for CervarixⓇ and 5 years for GardasilⓇ.5 The purpose of this review is to identify the efficacy and potential risk of HPV vaccines in prevention of Human Papillomavirus 16 and 18 in young girls. We will compare vaccines Gardasil and

Among the many arguments for mandatory HPV vaccination, the foremost is that it is an important medical achievement and a major public health milestone. This vaccine has proven to be one-hundred percent effective in preventing the 4 HPV strains that are responsible for seventy percent of cervical cancers and ninety percent of genital warts. In addition, no serious side effects have been identified. Because this vaccine is a preventive measure, administration before onset of sexual activity is ideal; however, even females who have been sexually active can still benefit from this vaccination (Perkins et al., 2010). Nationally and internationally, the HPV vaccine will significantly reduce disease burden by reducing monetary and psychological costs of invasive procedures that remove precancerous and cancerous lesions. By combining vaccination with routine Pap smear screening, these public health efforts have the remarkable opportunity to eradicate cervical cancer (Ramet et al., 2011).

As the article dives deeper into the HPV vaccine debate some interesting points were brought up. One thing that was very striking was that cervical cancer kills more than five thousand women in America every year and this number increases in developing countries. It would seem that this is enough of a problem to raise a sense of alarm. Another fact that was given was that HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. A big reason for this is that there are over two hundred strands of HPV and the diversity of this virus helps it to spread. In order for women to be protected against some of the HPV strands she should receive the vaccine before becoming sexually active. This seems to be the push to get girls vaccinated early. Since the average age of first intercourse is under the age of

The HPV vaccine is cancer prevention. Over thousands of cases of HPV cancers are detected every year in men and women. The HPV vaccination is important because it can prevent these cancers. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved this vaccine and it is one hundred percent safe. This vaccine is preventive care for the second leading cancer in women. It has been proven to be one hundred percent effective in prevention of cervical cancer, but the vaccine must be given to children between the age of 11 -17 before they become sexually active. After the age seventeen with young women most become sexually active and receive their first pap smear from their gynecologist, receiving the vaccine at this point is not as effective in prevention of cancers. Another benefit of receiving the vaccine during adolescent, is it supports people who may not have the medical knowledge or access to regular medical services.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) claim that the Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects approximately 20 million people in the United States with 6.2 million new cases each year (CDC, 2009). 99.7% of cervical cancers are linked to human papillomavirus (CDC, 2009). Statistically it is known that an astounding 80% of females by the age of 50 years will eventually become infected with this virus. These

In recent years, medical experts and public health advocates have increasingly become concerned about the growing underutilization of the HPV vaccination in the United States. While most agree that the issue deserves attentions, consensus dissolves around how to respond to the problem. This literature review examines the background of HPV, several approaches to ensuring that HPV vaccinations utilized. This paper also compares effectiveness, for females ages 12-26, of strategies and of the only vaccination approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for long term prevention of HPV, as well as consequent diseases/illnesses.