The Fulbright Program
“A human being is part of a whole, called by us the “Universe,” a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings, as something separated from the rest -a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affections for a few persons nearest us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circles of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its body.” - Albert Einstein -
“Friendship is the only cement that will ever hold the world together”
- Woodrow Wilson -
I. Introduction
Great wars have taught valuable lessons to humanity. It’s not
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higher education since the program’s inception in 1946. Today the program continues to award approximately 4,500 new grants each year. (U.S. Department of State, 2002).
Although the program was build with the mission of promoting capacity for empathy and understanding among nations its launch was also prompted by a very practical purpose, namely the need to deal with the millions of pieces of war surplus equipment that remained overseas after the war.
II. The Historical Context
Exchange of Scholars in early U.S. Higher Education
There is no record of any state or federally funded scholar exchange program until the twentieth century. However, it wasn’t uncommon for American students and scholars to study in educational institutions abroad even early in the history of U.S. higher education. German universities were usually the early favorites. Benjamin Franklin had become the first American to visit a German university, when he went to Gottingen in 1766. In the 19th century many professors in the American universities, including the ones that had German origin had studied in Germany and most of them had received their doctoral degrees from German universities.
Number of students who were officially enrolled in German Universities between 1815 and 1870 is estimated to be 640 (Goldschmidt, 1991). Although the number of students enrolled slightly diminished towards the First World War, there were 255 American students enrolled in a
“The two-year college has been a distinctively American creation, and nowhere else has it attained such prominence” (Brint & Karabel, 1989). Once commonly called
America’s somewhat early history (1760-1790) primarily showed signs of the Greek language and culture’s widespread popularity by reason of its core values and teachings. The nine major colonial colleges, including Harvard, Dartmouth, Brown, Yale, King’s College (Columbia), Queen’s College (Rutgers), College of New Jersey (Princeton), College of Pennsylvania, and William and Mary, all systematically implemented Greek and Latin into their curriculums. The
Sordlet-Leonard tells in her study that they are many program that are in best interest of all kind of students specially the first generation students “the programs funded by U.S Department of Education not only helped students with financial and academics, but also helped first generation student by helping them increase
scholarships to advancements in technology, and are crucial in helping us not raise tuition. Visit
“ The impact of German university scholarship upon nineteenth century American higher education is one of the most significant in modern intellectual history”(Westmeyer, 1985,p. ?). Before the impact of Germany American universities were not research and scholarship based. American scholars were beginning to get frustrated that they did not have the opportunity to develop higher studies within their schools. While this frustration started to grow students began to look for other ways to advance their studies. During 1815-1914 10,000 students took the opportunity to try and evolve their knowledge through attending German universities (Westmeyer, 1985). Of the 10,000 students academic celebrities as Leopold von Ranke, Herman von Homholtz, Wilhem Wundt took this opportunity to advance their knowledge through
Hunter Newsome from California chose to leave the U.S. and study in Estonia. Not only is he saving dozens of thousands of dollars, he will earn his bachelor’s degree in only three years, as opposed to four. Hunter will also benefit from the numerous advantages his decisions offer, such as language learning, travel opportunities, and the preparation of a career in a global economy. Chelsea Workman moved to Germany to pursue a degree in international management. She pays a $58.00 administrative fee every semester for a total of $464.00 for 4 years of classes and a bachelor’s degree. Compare that with the estimated cost of $109,496.00 for four in-state years at University of Missouri. "I don't really have any plans to go back to America. I don't really want to. My sister moved to Germany before me, my brother is here studying now and my dad is on the way over." says
To say we are insignificant is not to say we do not have unique qualities, but rather gives perspective to our design. Creation provides a space for human intellectual growth but cannot be mastered by humanity. He continues into the next sub-chapter, how one can “measure” him or herself within Creation. By acceptance of our place in the universe, we are whole.
The National Honors Society allows students to be build and create traits that are essential in a successful adult. I truly believe that hold many of these traits and joining the National Honor Society will grant me the opportunity to expand on these traits and grow as a person. Thus far I have focus greatly on the scholarship aspect of NHS and have been dedicated to my academics. I have held my GPA above 4.0 and have always been devoted to maintaining that high level of academic success. The skills I have shown in devoting myself to my academics can be easily translated into my dedication for the other aspects of leadership, service and character. Having previously held a officer role in the National Junior Honor Society I have gained experience
While institutional form was changing, academic standards were still lax, and institutions admitted anyone who had the money to attend, even if they were poorly prepared (2012; Cohen & Kisker, 2009). Many higher education institutions struggled to survive World War I’s impact, and only two thirds of institutions remained open by the end of the war (Cardozier, 1993). Presidents of larger universities suggested that smaller colleges should close if they could not keep up with institutional transformation or become junior colleges to prepare students to attend universities (Cohen & Kisker, 2009). The making of the contemporary research university helped some universities survive the conflict. The Association of American Universities (AAU) formed in 1900 aided in the increase of research based institutes, and throughout World War I research to aid the war effort through studies on explosives and industrial processes was supported through government funding (2009). The Reserve Officers’ Training Corps formed in 1916 and the Students’ Army Training Corps formed in 1918 allowed male students to enlist in the army while simultaneously living on campus and receiving training from the military. In the “Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors” in 1918, Lovejoy, Capps, and Young state:
My father is going to retire in some years and my mother is a house wife. They both have invested in their house heavily therefore these reasons might affect my family’s ability to fund my college tuition.
Between the 1900s and 1975 the United States experiences growth in many areas of higher education (HE). Various publications, people, acts and legislation influenced change in thought, access, policy, practice, and assessment of HE. From the Civil War Era to the Mass Education Era we witnessed the struggle of African Americans that influenced important legislation, the Progressive Movement and the birth of the Wisconsin Idea, the publication and revision of the Student Personnel Point of View, the President’s Commission on Higher Education, and the passing of the Higher Education Act. All of which contributed to the growth of HE during this time period.
Ever since I was a young kid I have always been interested in movies. My grandma, who was full of the wise the life experience left, always knew about my interest in movies. She feed my vain for the art. Even though her religion, she professed Adventist of seven-day religion, didn't let her go to the cinema, she always found the way to took me to the cinema. She and I enjoyed watch movies. We used to sit in the darkness room, with our faces illuminated from the reflection of the light which rebooted from the screen, both absorbs in the plot of the movie which made us laughed or cried. After the movie, while we went back to her home, she started to talk about the movie. She had a particular point of view where the main story
The United States has always been a main attraction for international students to gain intellectual knowledge, technical skills, cross-cultural experience, and better opportunities for professional development (Han, Han, Luo, Jacobs, & Jean-Baptiste, 2013; Zhang & Goodson, 2010). According to the Institute of International Education (2017), in the academic year of 2015/2016, there was an increase of 7% in the number of international student pursuing higher education in the United States over the previous year with total international students of 1,043,839 and 5.2% representing the total of U.S College enrollment. International students make higher education one of the largest service sector exports in the United States (Rice, Choi, Zhang, Morero, & Anderson, 2012; Zhang & Goodson, 2010). They are regarded as a vital financial commodity for countries
Arenson, K. 2008 19 February. Princeton to help students spend ‘gap year’ abroad. The New York
From the time I was born until the age of twelve, my family struggled with the basic necessities of life. My father worked endless hours in a factory, and yet somehow came home with a smile on his face. As a young kid, I never knew we were struggling. The thought had never occurred to me. As I got older I started to realize that my single father was working his life away to care and provide for his two little girls. He completely put aside his well-being because as long as his girls were cared for, nothing else mattered. Life was never easy, but as a young adult today, I have come to accept that my background has been a prerequisite for greatness, for it is our backgrounds that define who we are. The way we are raised, the way we are taught to believe, and the way we are taught to act, make us who we are today.