The Following Chapter Discusses Background Information

Throughout 20th century, two pioneering aviators and inventors, Orville and Wilbur Wright, turned human’s dream of flying into a reality. Although they were not the first to build and fly an aircraft, the Wright brothers made, the world's first power-driven heavier-than-air machine and aircraft that could be controlled while in the air. Before aircraft was invented, human tried to imitate bird’s posture to fly across the sky by building ornithopters, which was a designed to fly by flapping its wings. Therefore, Wright Brothers’ invention shaped our culture and changed the way we view our world .

If you have been paying attention, one of the latest crazes in advertisement is aerial videography. At first, you many wonder how they would get helicopters into such a tight places to acquire the footage you are viewing. Well, it’s not a helicopter that is being utilized; it’s a Quad Copter Drone. These unique remote controlled devices are taking the world by storm, being utilized as everything from a hobby to an intricate aerial photography and videography tool for businesses,

A classic invention that has allowed some of the earliest forms of manned flight, the propeller, has proved itself to be incredibly useful over years. With as many practical uses as it has, one would wonder how such an invention came to be. Throughout the past, mankind has come up with some very interesting ways to fly. “Some of the earliest propeller designs looked a lot more like screws than what you see today. The Wright brothers, the first to take flight, looked at this design and concluded that this was not the most efficient design.” (www.hartzellprop.com) “Taking the time to learn the science behind aerodynamics, the study of an object’s motion through air, they created propellers.” (www.bestinflight.net)(www.experimentalaircraft.info)

The Wright Brothers invented the airplane doesn't begin to describe their many accomplishments. The brothers craft was the first that could be controlled while in air but, the first fixed-wing aircraft was a kite on a stick. The very first successful Aircraft was the “1902 Wright Glider”. Every successful aircraft ever built since, beginning with the 1902 Wright gliders had controls to roll the wings right or left, pitch the nose up or down, and yaw the nose

Helicopter is known for being extremely challenging to fly. The helicopter flight controls enables the pilot to attain a controlled flight. The flight controls differ drastically when compared to the fixed wing aircraft. The advancement in flight controls namely fly-by-wire system has resulted in reducing the complexity of the system. The state of the art fly-by-wire system has resulted in increasing the performance and at the same time reduces the workload of a pilot. The four main controls include - collective pitch control, cyclic pitch control, throttle control and anti-torque pedals. The employment of fly-by-wire has thus paved way for reduction in weight whilst providing more space for comfort and effortless handling. The commercial helicopter are beginning to utilize the fly-by-wire technology after being tried and tested by fixed wing aircraft and military helicopter. The goal of this technical essay is to provide an overview of the evolution helicopter flight controls from the earlier complex analog phase to the present simplified digital phase.

Even though the design of the modern helicopter was not perfected until the late 1930s, it is arguably one of the earliest ideas for achieving flight, predating the concept of the glider by perhaps as much as two thousand years. Inspired by the flight of birds, even ancient humans dreampt of soaring at high speeds, stopping on a dime, and hovering in place, much like a

Some of the earliest attempts at flying required an excess of manpower. Leonardo da Vinci is credited to be the first to design basic flying machines called ornithopters, that gave man mechanical wings. Through a system of pulleys the wings could be moved imitating bird’s flight but ultimately was unsuccessful as a human being lacks the power necessary to keep these contraptions in the air. [1]

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or drones, have transitioned from primarily military applications to use in the private sector; being used to film movies, delivering packages for Amazon, and even personal entertainment. Because of the advancement in drone

To overcome these challenges, the companies in oil and gas, construction, manufacturing and service industries can use drones to safely access and inspect the confined spaces such as tunnels, pipes, ducts, tanks, chimneys, and

This report descried the statement of the research, background theory and literature survey in order to design the module helicopter. Also included is a detailed description of how are the designers of the project and the details of the mentor are also included.

To acquire some perspective and information on the current flapping wing MAVs, it is useful to investigate the existing product that has been completed by a variety of research groups, companies and personal maker. Depending on distinct different size, flapping wing air vehicles (ornithopers) can be differentiated into two groups, MAVs and full-size ornithopters. The first group, as mentioned is the vehicles with dimensions less than 0.2m. The second group is relevant to large vehicles. The concerns of size limitations have intensively correlations with flapping mechanisms.

Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) are a class of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs), significantly smaller than typical UAVs. UAVs are aircrafts without human pilot aboard. These are controlled either automatically by on board computers or through remote control by a pilot on the ground [3]. The modern aircrafts can be as small as 20 centimeters. The design features and the configurations of MAVs are different from that of normal aircrafts. The speeds of MAVs are very low and the size is less than 30 cm in length, width or height. With the development and comfort of electronics, smaller aircrafts, which can perform various tasks that were previously performed by manned aircrafts or larger UAVs, have been possible. Commercially off shelf components like motor, propeller, ESC, servo motor, battery, autopilot, data modem, camera (Payload), video Transmitter are tested and trained for performance and is then integrated with MAVs for autonomous flight operations as shown in Figure 1.1 [4].

Being that directional control of the drone is accomplished through the communication of two distinct cellphones on a populated network, there is a delay encountered because of the TDM method of communication. Rotor based UAV’s have six degrees of freedom: three translational and three rotational. Control of those degrees is only accomplished through changing speed in the four independent rotor motors. In robotics and control theory, this is referred to as under-actuation, meaning the system dynamics are nonlinear and thus extremely challenging for a human to control [16]. Disrupting airflows caused by wind and other factors exponentially increase the level of difficulty for complete human control. An instability not timely controlled tends toward an unrecoverable flight. Therefore, a stabilization control algorithm is required to act real time from onboard embedded hardware.

Unmanned Aircraft Systems are constantly evolving. The latest developments in UAS include features that can be abused by operators, such as anti-drone technologies, or that can increase the risk of accidents and unsafe incidents. This area of UAS use is expected to evolve for the foreseeable future.

Throughout the history of mankind, the greatest inventors were the few who paved their own roads to success and thought outside the box. Orville and Wilbur Wright were no exceptions to this. In their quest for manned mechanical flight these two men would shock the world of flight with their new provoking ideas. The wright brothers would go on to design the first sustainable automated craft. The Wright brothers were arguably the greatest innovators of the 20th century and would go on to transform man’s dream of flying and have a long-lasting effect on flying machines a