HELICOPTER THEORY Aerodynamics of a Helicopter Rotor in Forward Flight Introduction Early History Modern History Flapping Hinges Maximum Speed Cyclic Control Momentum Theory Blade Element Theory Rotor Wake Summary References Home Based on a paper originally written by Doug Jackson Spring 2000 Introduction: Even though the design of the modern helicopter was not perfected until the late 1930s, it is arguably one of the earliest ideas for achieving flight, predating the concept of the glider by perhaps as much as two thousand years. Inspired by the flight of birds, even ancient humans dreampt of soaring at high speeds, stopping on a dime, and hovering in place, much like a …show more content…
The FA-61 helicopter, designed by Heinrich Focke, first flew in June 1936, and was later used in publicity stunts by the Nazis. The FL-282 helicopter, designed by Anton Flettner, became operational with the German Navy, and over 1000 of them were produced. This helicopter utilized twin intermeshing rotors, had a forward speed of 90 mph (145 km/h), and could operate at an altitude of 13,000 ft (3,965 m) with a payload of 800 lb (360 kg). The first American helicopter was the VS-300, designed by Igor Sikorsky of the Vought-Sikorsky Company. The VS-300 was the first helicopter to use a tail rotor to counteract the torque produced by the main rotor, and it was this innovation that solved the last major hurdle in making helicopters practical flying vehicles. This design is now the most common in today's helicopters. Sikorsky's VS-300, 1939 [from McCormick, 1995] The VS-300 made its first tethered flight in September 1939 and its first free flight on 13 May 1940 Flapping Hinges Introduction Early History Modern History Flapping Hinges Maximum Speed Cyclic Control Momentum Theory Blade Element Theory Rotor Wake Summary References Home Non-Articulated Rotors: To begin a discussion of a helicopter rotor in forward flight, it is first
In 1733, James Kay, a clockmaker, invented a simple weaving machine called the flying shuttle(Doc6). He built it, supposedly, with nothing more than a pocketknife and his tool. The flying shuttle improved on the old hand loom. The machine only came into general use in the 1760s- after decades of trial- and-error improvements.
When the war started they used hot air balloons for reconnaissance which got shot down. Then the allies decide to start using plane for reconnaissance
On January 15, 1985 the US Dept of Defense (DoD) designated the aircraft as the V-22 with the nickname of Osprey. The first prototype was unveiled in May 1988, but that same year the US Army left the program due to rising costs and other factors. This left to US Marines and US Air Force as the remaining primary contributers. The program continued despite much political turmoil. One issue almost cancelled the program altogether in 1992. The next two big leaps were the first horizontal flight on March 19, 1989 and the first vertical flight shortly after on September 14, 1989. These progresses are likely what kept the Osprey idea alive for that time period. Regardless of those success steps, the fourth and fifth prototypes were lost and the designers sent back to their drawing boards again. Following some redesign, the project continued with the Osprey now designated the V-22B, the second or 'B' iteration of the aircraft, instead of the V-22A that they now call the first attempt.
The rollout of the first CF-105, marked as RL-201, took place on 4 October 1957. The company had planned to capitalize on the event, inviting more than 13,000 guests to the occasion. Many did not show up due to Russia's new satellite that was rolled out the same day. RL-201 first flew on 25 March 1958 with S/L Janusz Żurakowski. The test flights, limited to "proof-of-concept" and assessing flight characteristics, revealed no serious design faults in the aircraft.
“Change is hard at first, messy in the middle and gorgeous at the end,” said Robin Sharman. Advancements and progress that came from innovational minds took time and there were many obstacles and hardships. During the 1900s the world gave birth of the bright minds of the Wright Brothers that gave the world’s first successful airplane, also the modifications of the corset gave way to new fashion styles and trends and finally the tragic Galveston Hurricane paved the pathway of new mechanics and progressive ideas. Before, the thought of people being in the air and flying seemed impossible and dangerous, but the 1900s was a decade of advancement and many innovative minds such as Orville and Wilbur Wright, tried to build a “flying machine”. Unlike
Over 100 years ago, when humanity looked for new places to conquer, two men looked to the skies. Wilbur and Orville Wright built the first working motor airplane, and after that day, the world took a huge interest in aviation, causing many leading pioneers and innovators in the aerospace field to emerge, revolutionizing the way we look at the skies.
The first flight occurred in 1903 when the Wright brothers famously took their airplane for a final test flight in December. In the years after this historic flight many people start to see the potential for airplanes in war, transportation, and shipping. Other builders disregarded previous doubt about flying and began to replicate the ideas of the Wright brothers in creating planes with three axes. In addition, the approach of WWI prompted military personnel to pursue uses of airplanes as a war machine. The airplane influenced many aspects of American culture after it’s invention including civilian life, war technology, and individual possibility.
Helicopters were largely used only as medevacs in the Korean War. In the years ensuing the Korean War, General Alexander Vandegrift, the 18th Commandant of the Marine Corps summoned a board that became known as the Hogaboom Board. The Hogaboom Board was named after Major General Robert E. Hogaboom who was chairman of the board. The
It has always been the dream of mankind wanting to join the birds in the sky, many innovators created various contraptions to achieve flight. On December 17, 1903, two brothers by the name of Wilbur and Orville Wright decided to test their contraption and it was successful. This event changed the course of aviation as the contraption known as Flyer 1 became the first successful powered heavier-than-air flight.
One of the first rockets to fly was a wooden bird. Aulus Gellius, a Roman, wrote a story of Archytas, a Greek who lived in Tarentum. Tarentum is in modern day southern Italy. Approximately 400 B.C., Archytas entertained the people of Tarentum with flying a wooden pigeon. Steam pushed the bird that was on suspended wires. The bird used the action-reaction principle. It was not until the seventeenth century that the action-reaction principle was not a scientific law. That means that Archytas creation of the wooden pigeon was way before its time.
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The world was changed on December 17, 1903 when Orville Wright flew the first airplane for a period of 12 seconds. Orville, born in 1871 and his brother Wilbur, born in 1867 grew up in Dayton Ohio with two other brothers, Reuchlin and Lorin and one sister Katherine. They grew up in a loving family, which helped the brothers with the success in their future. Many people are not aware that much of their knowledge that went into the makings of the airplane came from their mother Susan and the bicycle repair shop they owned. Interestingly, Wilbur and Orville were not the men who first thought of flying. In the 16th century, Leonardo de Vinci had thoughts of a “flying machine” that was ahead its time, though
The history of flying dates back as early as the fifteenth century. A Renaissance man named Leonardo da Vinci introduced a flying machine known as the ornithopter. Da Vinci proposed the idea of a machine that had
The brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright, possibly the two most renowned representatives of American aeronautics, were the first to experience controlled, continuous flight of a powered airplane in history. Despite being autodidactic in the area of engineering, the duo proved to be extraordinarily successful, testing and refining their strategies to overcome successive challenges that arose with the building of a plane (Crouch 226). The two were so far ahead in the race for flight that they even anticipated and found solutions to problems that more learned scientists could not have even begun to predict. Successful, man-controlled, powered flight was a fundamental turning point in history; it transformed the methods of how the United States
Flapping wing motion is observed from biological flying animals. Most scientist, biologists and naturalists are attracted by this motion and have found over a million different species of insects and 10,000 types of birds and bats fly with flapping wings [1]. In 1490, Leonardo da Vinci made a flapping wings vehicle, also called ornithopter as shown in Figure 1.1, to explain and demonstrate the theory of thrust generated from flapping wings. A huge amount of attempts to develop flying vehicles were made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th (Lilienthal, 1889; Lippisch, 1960) [2, 3], but most of them failed due to insufficient academic knowledge.