The Eight Basic Categories Of The Cycles Approach

Children are now beginning to learn letter-sound associations and are able to expand on there auditory understanding. By the age of 6 90% of children would have mastered being able to use a variety of blends and self-monitored speech. Children are able to stabilize the correct usage of irregular plurals and past and tense/ irregular verbs.

Kara-lynn is a 3 year; 6 month old female presenting with a severe phonological disorder. Her results from testing indicate that her speech intelligibility is significantly reduced due to multiple phoneme collapses into /d/ of the following phonemes and consonant clusters: /p/, /g/, /k/, /s/, /z/, /θ/, /ð/, /tr/,and /gr/. In addition, the use of multiple phonological processes, including: final consonant deletion, initial consonant deletion, cluster reduction, vocalization, and deaffrication also significantly contribute to her reduced intelligibility. Her speech intelligibility in known context was calculated to be 64%, which is low for a child who is 3 years; 6 months(consider adding reference). Reduced intelligibility can impact a child’s ability to communicate wants and needs, making Kara-Lynn’s speech intelligibility an area of need.

A phonological process is a typical pattern that all young children use when developing their speech. The child’s brain creates rules to simplify speech sounds and make words easier to say. As children grow older, they outgrow these patterns on their own and eventually, their speech becomes intelligible. A phonological process disorder is when a child continues to exhibit these patterns past the age expected for them to disappear. Phonological processes consist of syllable structure processes, substitution process, and assimilation processes.

The components of the Cycles Phonological Remediation Approach were developed from theories of phonological development, principles of cognitive psychology, and ongoing research in phonological acquisition (Hodson, 2006). Hodson proposes that children who are highly unintelligible would benefit from a treatment program that targets pattern errors in systematic cycles and uses auditory bombardment in combination with practice activities during therapy sessions. Clinicians interested in employing this method could benefit from research that answers the question- “is the cycles approach more effective than the traditional articulation therapy approach in the treatment of children who are highly

We chose to assess phonological awareness because it is a crucial component in children’s development of writing, spelling, and reading skills (Paul & Norbury, 2012). Phonological awareness refers to an individual’s awareness of the sound structure or words; it can be characterized by words, syllables, onset/rime, phoneme manipulations, and the ability to rearrange these different levels into various patterns.

Capital punishment is never morally justified, and feminist, progressive and socialist ethics would always consider the social and family environment that produced the criminal in the first place, including poverty, racism, segregation or other types of oppression. It would also examine ways that society could be reformed on restricted in ways that would reduce oppression, such as ending the ghettoization of minorities or the extreme inequality between rich and poor in the United States. Indeed, inequality is more extreme in the U.S, than any other Western nation, the prison population is larger and the social safety net much weaker. These conditions have worsened during the present recession, particularly for blacks and Hispanics. Among Western nations, only the U.S. still practices capital punishment even though there was a moratorium in 1967-77 because of Supreme Court rulings. Feminist ethics would also emphasize caring, community, empathy and interpersonal relationships instead of morality based on following rules and regulations (Volbrect 17). Their response to the death penalty as well as war and other forms of public or state-sanctioned violence would therefore be pacifist, and demand social, economic and cultural change rather than punishment of perpetrators.

The Roman military was not successful. Soldiers didn't take orders, wear armor,and they were very lazy.To begin, Roman military used to be great. They had breastplates , helmets, and other armor as well. The armor is a major contribution to be successful in the military.For instance, in the “concerning military matter article” it stated, "because of negligence and laziness, parade ground drills were abandoned," This evidence shows soldiers don't care about their job, Their job was to protect and serve the Roman Empire . The soldiers didn't want to fight. Another job they had was to follow orders and give orders. For example,a chief would tell the soldier to gather the rest of the troops for a meeting.soldiers thought it was to much work.The

With exceptional children, often many of them have auditory processing problems which means that something is preventing them from hearing the information they are receiving. Phonological processing is having the ability to detect the different phonemes or speech sounds as stated by Chard, D.J. & Dickson, S.V. (2018). This is a problem that many of the children in the exceptional children’s department have which makes teaching reading all the more

Those students are always in for a long road of speech therapy as well as, problems with reading. I am interested in new research in the area because these students are typically of average intelligence but struggle in school immensely because of their disorder. According to the webinar on Childhood Apraxia of Speech, CAS is defined as a neurological childhood speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired. The main features of the disorder consist of inconsistent errors lengthened, disrupted coarticulatory transitions, and inappropriate prosody. Motor performance is the generalization of learned behaviors while motor learning is the retention or generalization of learned behaviors. Motor learning is the problem that children with CAS encounter. Phonological awareness is important for students with CAS because they have difficulty with reading and spelling. The training of sounds can be done while also training speech sound production. A new therapy technique for CAS is using ultrasound biofeedback to establish a motor skill at the syllable or word level. The benefits of ultrasound are that the student can visually see the elevation of the tongue or retraction on hard to form sounds such as /r/. The disadvantage is that most clinicians do not have access to ultrasound at a reasonable cost to

Phonemic awareness is defined as the ability to distinguish sounds; a skill that allows you to listen for, count sounds, and identify distinct sounds. Letter naming isn’t included in phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness can be taught explicitly or indirectly through games, manipulatives activities, chanting, reading and sing along songs, or poems. Phonemic awareness is more than just recognizing sounds. It also includes the capability to hold on to those sounds, and blend them effectively into words, and take them apart again. Phonemic awareness is important for reading development because it’s the foundation you must overcome in order to get to the next stage of reading, and writing. Research of the NRP (National Reading Panel) says that during the kindergarten year, 18 hours of total of phonemic instruction- just 30 minutes week, six minutes a day- provided maximum advantage.

“Phonological disorders in children can result from physical or organic causes or may be functional in nature ("Phonological disorders in," 2013)”. Children with a phonological disorder may experience a higher risk for reading and writing disabilities. “If left unresolved, phonological disorders have long-term consequences that may interfere with an individual's future social, academic, and vocational well-being, largely resulting from persistent, reduced intelligibility of speech ("Phonological disorders in," 2013).”

When selecting a treatment approach to use with a child in speech-language therapy, one should consider the principle of selecting an approach based on a specific skill or an underlying process which is related to that skill. The principle of treating a specific skill versus an underlying process that is a requisite for that skill should be considered when planning treatment to target emergent literacy skills in children with specific language impairment (SLI). As will be discussed, children with SLI can have co-morbid auditory processing deficits that can affect their phonological awareness, and therefore, emergent literacy skills. When planning treatment

When children experience early speech difficulties they tend to be at risk later on. By being susceptible to language skills early on allows the child (ren) to be more proficiency and react in a way that contributes to them being able to express themselves in a way that causes them to use a variety of different phonemes and at the same time mix and maneuver other language and literacy skills. Numerous studies have found that there is a strong link between language problems, reading and overall academic achievement (Konza, 2006, Snow Burns and Griffin, 1998, Justice and Ezell, 2000).

Phonological development is one of the first types of human language development. According to the text Essentials of Psychology. 'Phonological Development is the development of the ability to produce recognizable speech.'(pg.262) When a baby is first born he or she babbles. When the baby gets older the babbling narrows and consists mainly of sound used in the language. When the baby gets to this step, the baby's

Surrounding the discourse around the subject of cyberbullying, it is imperative to not only address alternatives, but also to formulate recommendations on how to remedy this issue. In addition to the discussion within the report, a potential first recommendation to defeat the issue of cyberbullying is to make school systems the main point of contact for the conflict. A common factor when addressing the problem of cyberbullying is how heavily schools are involved in the scenario where cyberbullying is occurring. The student adolescents involved with cyberbullying fit the statistic that, “55 per cent of all teens that use social media have witnessed outright bullying online” (nobullying.com). Look for example at the case Jessica Logan mentioned previously in the discussion. This is a very extreme case where multiple high school students were involved in the cyber harassment of a female student. This would not have been the case if schools spread more awareness of the issue and inflicted some safety precaution. “Over 80 percent of teens use a cell phone regularly, making it the most popular form of technology and a common medium for cyber bullying, (http://www.bullyingstatistics.org).” With that being said I feel as though school programs should inforce that they take away the cell phones of students at the beginning of the school day and give it back to them at the end. Cell phones aren’t directly used too much in the classroom to begin. With it stripped away, it would take away the risk of having the group of students involved in cyberbullying and produce more engagement in the classroom at the same time.