The Challenges Of Bacterial Resistance And Natural Antibiotics

Chigurupati S. (2015) reported that considering the increased incidences of severe opportunistic bacterial infections in immunological deficient patients together with the development of resistance among pathogenic gram positive and gram negative bacteria, there is a great need in finding new compounds that may be effective against antibiotic resistant bacteria.

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Antibiotics have always been considered a prodigious innovation. Antibiotics being introduced have established resistance in individuals, animals, and all living organisms. Antibiotics were first discovered in 1932 by Alexandar Fleming, who presented the work that led to production of penicillin. His determination has made an impact to antibiotic medications that are used to destroy bacteria. The use of antibiotics resulted with successful treatments by saving lives. However, some bacteria have now been resistant to antibiotics. The resistant bacteria are not killed nor controlled by antibiotics, they can continue to live and increase. (Cowen 2002). Watsmen described an “antibiotic as a complex compound that has been produced by a microbe that kills or stops the growth of another microbe.”

These mutations, no matter what process that has led to their occurrence, block the action of antibiotics by interfering with their mechanism of action (1). Currently, antibiotics attack bacteria through one of two mechanisms. In both mechanisms the antibiotic enters the microbe and interferes with production of the components needed to form new bacterial cells. Some antibiotics act on the cell membrane, causing increased permeability and leakage of cell contents. Other antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis in cells. They block one or more of the steps involved in the transformation of nucleic acids into proteins.

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Antibiotic have been essential tools for fight against bacterial infections since the early 20th century. Antibiotics fall under different groups based on the method of treatment. There are basically 3 main groups of antibiotics based on their mechanism of action, i.e Cell wall Disruptive Antibiotics like beta lactams, Protein synthesis inhibitors and nucleic acid

As previously discussed, antibiotics often work by targeting critical functions of the bacterial cell. This means that antibiotics have specific targets, which is a boon because it means non-microbial life will not be affected by the antibiotics. However, because of this specificity, bacteria can develop ways of protecting themselves from antibiotics, leading to the rise of antibiotic resistance

Widespread use of antibiotics has been very controversial in the media as well in the general population. Due to these controversies, it is very misunderstood to how antibiotics work leading to many patients in the hospital setting wanting to take them when it is not necessary or refusing to take when it is necessary for their survival. Some of this controversy is due to antibiotic resistance, which has spread an alarming rate in the 21st century (Walsh, 2000). Antibiotic resistance is the result of very strong bacteria or microbes that are resistant to the antibiotic prescribed and those microbes accumulate overtime by their survival, reproduction and transfer, leading to increased levels of antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic resistant pathogens have evolved various mechanisms to evade antibiotic action. These include preventing the antibiotic from binding or entering it, modifying the binding site of the antibiotic or producing an enzyme that deactivates the antibiotic. Therefore it has become crucial to be able to design new antimicrobial substances that can overcome these existing antibiotic- resistant pathogens. [3]

This “antibiotic boom” was, to put it lightly, one of the most significant advancements in human history. But there is a slight problem. Unlike virtually all other technological innovations, antibiotics become less effective the more they are used. They are unique in this regard.

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Several antibiotics known to man have been already discovered since the 1940’s, in which most of it are obtained from natural sources (Chaeychomsri et al., 2010). Synthesizing large amounts of antibiotics nowadays have given way to the bacteria, as well as viruses to develop immunity to a certain antibiotic strain, thus poses a threat of bacterial resistance, as these bacterial and viral species tend to become resistant to several antibacterial agents as a result of chromosomal and genetic mutation and adaptation to the agent (Neu, 1992). Due to this setback, many scientists have also initiated solutions that could be derived from natural sources, which led to the exploration and research on several animals,

Only a few decades ago antibiotics was a wonder drug that could cure even the most deadly diseases. Presently, numerous antibiotics have become less effective or potent to against the bacterial infections. This is due to the high effectiveness and how frequently they were used to treat diseases. Serious infections have become resistant to the commonly used antibiotics have caused a major global healthcare concern for not only the present, but also the future. These bacterial infections require more serious and long term treatments, meaning they are usually more expensive and difficult to treat. The “post-antibiotic era” is significant issue that is affecting the way doctors treat bacterial infections, furthermore the steps to slow the process

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While we have made tremendous advancement in various fields of therapeutics, the triumph of Fleming’s discovery of penicillin is fading away with the rise of antibiotic resistance; we are pushing ourselves back into the pre-antibiotic era. In the United States 2 million people get infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria and 23,000 die each year as a result (CDC). The picture is grimmer in the developing world. This project was initiated to study a new avenue in the search of novel antimicrobials against bacteria.