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The Acceptance Of Crime Writing In The 19th Century

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Crime writing reinforces connections between race and the criminal body by perpetuating a narrative that depicts the other as savage. The Victorian gothic genre is argueably the predecessor of crime fiction; the perpetrator of crimes was once conveyed as mysterious and supernatural however the prevalence of supernatural terror was replaced and crime writing acted as a propeller of the ‘uncivilised body’ into the public sphere as a new site of fascination, horrification and persecution. The shift in narrative was largely generated by the new industrial and imperial culture of the 19th century: British imperial expansion and overseas economic success denoted a reconceptualization of national identity. The Indian mutiny of 1857 generated fear …show more content…

This thought was common place during the Victorian era and was debated in science as well as literature. 19th century Britain was characterised by their imperialistic endeavours and sought to legitimise and justify their empire. This was achieved through the use and manipulation of biology and literature to shape u. Social Darwinism was a theory that essentially justified imperialism and is the epitome of Victorian discourse of humanity. John Lubbock, pioneer of Social Darwinism contends that: “the cultural and biological development of races as having occurred in parallel and as a result of natural selection”. P.15. Employing Lubbock’s contention of Darwinism subsequently means certain races (the white race) had progressed to the point of dominance as a result of natural selection and therefore had developed as superior to savages. This assumed superiority reduced foreigners of agency in the face of impulse as their ‘savage’ ways were a by-product of nature. They were inherently prone to criminal behaviour as a “lesser” developed people with little to no moral fabric. “Crime writing was essentially seen as an expression of fundamental character defect stemming from refusal or an inability to deny wayward impulses”p.46. The over simplified discourse on biology in …show more content…

The text reinforces connections between race and the criminal body by issuing the protagonists with 19th century Eurocentric characteristics and perceptions. Johnathan Small, one of four men who discovered the treasure and later dumps it into the river exhibits murderous inclinations however he is not portrayed in the same light as his accomplices. In search of the men Holmes separates them and refers to Tonga, Small’s dedicated accomplice as ‘savage’. “Now then, where are we to find our savage?”P.68. Accurate representations of Indian people was replaced by assumptions of inferiority and savagery. Moreover, Watson likens Tonga to an animal further demonstrating Victorian connections between race and the criminal body. “Grinned and chattered at us with half animal fury” p.86. Also, “his small eyes glowed” p.86. The mention of his small eyes shrink Tonga in stature and significance contributing to his character as an inferior being. His qualities such as his eyes glowing show him as worldly. The portrayal of the foreigner in 19th century crime writing articulated the perception of the spectator rather than the object of fascination. Victorian Britain understood race to be a major determinate of behaviour and character therefore justifying the dominant discourse of foreigners as less civilised as their white counterparts. This ideology of race was perpetuated

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