Tetralogy Of Fallot Essay

Atrioventricular Canal Defect is an abnormality that causes the mixing of blood. There is a hole in center of heart where the wall between the upper and lower chambers meet. The tricuspid and mitral valves aren’t formed properly and one large valve crosses the defect. The defect lets oxygen rich blood pass to the heart’s right side and mix with deoxygenated blood, then go back to the lungs. Another abnormality is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), where the walls of the upper chambers of the heart don’t close completely, causing a left to right movement of blood due to the higher pressure. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood may cause the right atrium and ventricle to enlarge due to the higher volume of blood.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital heart defect which occurs in newborns and preemies. It is when abnormal blood flows between the two main arteries connected by a blood vessel to the heart called the ductus arteriosus: this vessel is part of the fetal blood circulation. Within a few days after birth, this vessel is supposed to close, but instead it remains open. Therefore, this allows the oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix, which can cause a blood pressure increase in the lung arteries. Usually, it will shrink and go away, but some PDA stays open and will need to be treated with medications or surgery to shrink the PDA.

In situs inversus the visceral organs are reversed as well as the heart. Most of the time dextrocardia with situs inversus patients do not have any health problems that have to do with the condition and can live a normal and healthy life. The most common issue with isolated dextrocardia is decreased number of cilia which results in a weaker immune system. In the case of situs solitus the heart is either just in the right thoracic region or a mirror image and the other visceral organs are in their normal place; this anatomical confliction results in health issues and heart deformities. Situs solitus causes bigger problems more often and affects mainly the respiratory,digestive,endocrine and hepatic systems. It can cause health issues ranging from abdominal obstructions to deformities,asplenia and liver problems that result in jaundice. In many cases cardiopulmonary deformities result in respiratory problems usually leading to lack of oxygen and hindered development and growth. Although dextrocardia is a congenital condition and has unknown causes , there are factors that contribute to the chances of development of the condition in utero. Sometimes dextrocardia is a result of the heart developing as a mirror image and as a result of that migrating to the right side of the chest. Another common reason dextrocardia develops is that through defects in the thoracic and abdominal area

How would you like your life being in danger right after you’re born because you can’t breathe? Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) causes underdevelopment of facial bones that could threaten an infant’s life by making it difficult to breathe. If the baby lives past this point they will have many facial deformities. Treacher Collins syndrome happens because of a mutation in TCOF1, POLR1C, or the POLR1D genes. TCS causes an underdeveloped facial bone, a small jaw and chin, an opening in the top of the mouth called cleft palate, eyes that slant downward, few eyelashes, a notch in the lower eyelid called a coloboma, eye abnormalities can cause vision loss, and unusually shaped ears lead to hear problems. All of these problems are linked with Treacher

Congestive cardiac failure is by far the most frequent symptom. It may be associated with massive peripheral edema or massive pleural effusion leading to cardiac tamponade. It may rarely mimic other congenital cardiac malformations such as Ebstein’s anomaly or functional pulmonary atresia. Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances are not a predominant feature of Uhl’s anomaly, probably due to absence of residual foci to initiate or transmit anomalous electrical activity. (Gerlis 2003)

Trisomy 13 or 18 can be diagnosed before birth if developmental abnormalities are detected during routine prenatal screenings. The diagnosis can be confirmed by removing fluid from inside the womb (amniocentesis) and examining the genetic structure of fetal cells.

dilated (LVIDd= 6.5cm,). Third male sib had LVNC with second degree heartblock (Hr= 80-100/ minute). The fourth male sibling was normal, the youngest

Ventricular septal defect is a hole in the heart. The hole is in the lower septum, this allows blood to pass from left to right of the heart. This causes the oxygenated blood

The fall symbolically expresses evil and adulthood being unleashed. The start of the winter session can be described as dark, disciplined, and filled with grueling work. It symbolizes the upcoming burdens of war and adolescence. Finny, unable to face adulthood, dies and is never enters his second phase of his life. The two sessions represent the shift from unmindful youth to murky maturity.

Tetrology of Fallot(TOF) is the most common prenatal congenital cyanotic heart disease accounts for about 1/3600 live births and about 7% to 10% of of all congenital heart disease and is the most common cause of cyanosis in the neonatal period1 , 2. Typical Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) may be missed in Four chamber view. An abnormal Four chamber view is rarely seen in typical TOF cases . In the typical form of TOF the fetal echocardiography is often characterized by a normal four-chamber view, a subaortic Ventricular septal defect (VSD), Dilated over riding of aorta seen in a LVOT view, Pulmonary stenosis and an increased Aorta/Pulmonary artery ratio, minimal antegrade flow in the main pulmonary artery and the aortic flow originated from right and left ventricle. All pregnant women with low risk factors , suspected fetal cardiac anomalies and with increased risk factors should be analyzed by extended fetal echo during the level 2 scan (18 – 22 weeks scan ). It is also important to identify the side of the aortic arch, which is quite easier in the prenatal period in three vessel view . This will be useful if surgery is planned postnatally. Extracardiac abnormalities, such as midline defects, central nervous system and renal abnormalities may be found in fetuses with TOF. These extracardiac defects are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. When TOF is diagnosed, serial follow up scans at 5 – 6 weeks intervals are adviced to know about the growth of the

Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a mild respiratory problem seen in babies. The problem starts soon after birth. This condition may also be called wet lung or type 2 respiratory distress syndrome.

This twelve-year-old boy from Pittsburgh, who wishes to remain anonymous, does not let anything get his spirits down, not even Tetralogy of Fallot. When he isn’t running around with his dog or playing video games, he enjoys building new wonders of the world with his Legos. No one can construct a new tower quite like him with the small colorful blocks, so when the time came for him to decide on his wish the decision was an easy one- Legoland.

Eisenmenger Syndrome is a congenital heart defect that is associated with long-term elevated blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature, which tends to cause pulmonary hypertension and increasing pulmonary vascular resistance (D 'Alto, 2014). Moreover, this is a heart defect that causes a hole to develop between two chambers of the heart (D’Alto, 2014). The hole causes blood to circulate abnormally in the heart and lungs. Increased blood flow returns to your lungs instead of going to the rest of your body (D’Alto, 2014.) People with Eisenmenger 's syndrome commonly present with chronic cyanosis and progressive exercise intolerance. People with congenital heart diseases that have significant untreated left-to-right shunt lesions are at an increasing risk of developing pulmonary arterial hypertension (Kopeć et al., 2014).

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. It has four cardinal cardiac features: over-riding

TOF involves four anatomical abnormalities of the heart: a large VSD, a stenotic pulmonary artery, an overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. The degree of cyanosis of TOF depends largely on the size of the right-to-left shunt. Patients with left-to-right shunting may have little to no cyanosis and are referred to as “pink tetralogy.” Patients with TOF may experience episodes of extreme cyanosis called “tet spells” often during times of stress such as crying, dehydration, and fever. If left untreated these hypercyanotic episodes can be fatal. Deletion of the gene on Chromosome 22, (22q11) is often the cause of TOF among other congenital heart defects. Another gene associated with this anomaly is the jagged1 gene, which can be diagnosed through the images of an echocardiogram. On an anterior-posterior chest x-ray, the heart is shaped “boot-like.” 3