Symptoms And Symptoms Of Epilepsy

Our brain is susceptible to many diseases that disrupt normal function, like the disease known as Grand Mal Seizures. Normally, electrical charges are produced by ions in the brain(sodium, potassium, or calcium) and they are released on a regular basis. When released, nerve cells are able to effectively communicate with each other. When a seizure occurs it's due to this process being disturbed. The Ions are damaged cause chemical imbalances which leads to misfired nerve signals. Grand Mal seizures are characterized by three stages. These stages include the Pre-Ictal stage, the Ictal stage(where the seizure occurs), and the Postictal stage. In the first stage, a patient is likely to see a hallucination or some sort of warning sign before the

The documentary’s description of neuroplasticity of seizure patients represents the unknowing and negligent work ethic of modern day scientists and researchers alike. This is confirmed by the lack of treatment of these afflicted individuals who suffer a never ending siege daily with themselves, almost always certain that their pain will end but it is always to no avail.

People uneducated about Epilepsy may have confused thoughts on what it really is. People have these "notions," which are partly or entirely not true. So, throughout this research paper, these notions will be proven untrue, mostly by factual information given by

How attention was brought to epilepsy. First, 2.3 million people have epilepsy in America and one in twenty-six people can get epilepsy in their lifetime (“Facts”). The future of research for seizure disorders are focused on brain imaging. Epilepsy can run in the family, can cause head injuries, alcohol abuse (“Multiple”), and driving can be dangerous (Haugen 22).

a small amount of spinal fluid can be then removed and tested to determine if there is some type of infection or other underlying medical problems. Lumbar Puncture can also be used to measure the pressure of the spinal canal and measure the brain. Research has shown that the cell membrane that surrounds every neuron has an important role in Epilepsy, these membranes are responsible for the neurons to generate an electrical impulse and for some reason when the brain attempts to repair itself after head trauma, stroke, or another problem that may generate atypical nerve connections that will lead to Epilepsy. Studies in animals have also provided that because the brain constantly adapts to changes in a small change in neurological activity, if repeated this may increase the chances of a full blown epileptic attack. Anomalies in the brain connections that happen while the brain develops may also disrupt neurological activity which could lead to Epilepsy. Research has also shown that the repeated attacks of the temporal lobe can cause the hippocampus to shrink, the hippocampus is responsible for learning and memorization, but it may however take years for such a seizure attack to do significant

Epilepsy is due to an upset in brain chemistry, which means that the messages that travel between nerve cells or neurons become scrambled. Because of this, the activity of neurons is disturbed and results in a seizure or loss of consciousness. Many types of seizure can occur and epilepsy can affect anyone at any age.

Seizure disorders, according to the Mayo Clinic (2015), affect approximately 1 in 26 people in the United States. Persistent, or chronic, seizures result from a condition called epilepsy, a neurological disorder of the central nervous system. It can affect anyone regardless of age, but is more common during early childhood and after age 60. Given the number of people that seizure disorders, such as epilepsy, affect, it becomes helpful to gain a foundational understanding of the disease, including some of the causes, symptoms, and treatments available.

Neurorestorative events include neurogenesis, gliogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptic plasticity and axonal sprouting. neuroprotection mentions to the relative preservation of neuronal structure or function. Numerous mechanisms behind neurodegeneration are the same. General mechanisms consist of increased levels in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, inflammatory alters, iron accumulation, and aggregation of protein. Some of neuroprotective treatments including Glutamate antagonists, Caspase inhibitors, Trophic factors, Anti protein aggregation agents, Therapeutic hypothermia, Erythropoietin has been reported to protect nerve cells from hypoxia-induced glutamate

They also found that those with a family history of epilepsy had a greater risk than those who did not. Those who did not have a family history only had a raised risk of two-fold after a mild injury, while those with a family history had an incredible six-fold. These findings further support the idea that seizure disorders can be caused by multiple factors and the presence of two or more of these factors drastically increases the risk of its development (Shorvon, Nelligan

This research aims at understanding how Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) develops after traumatic incidents such as stroke. In our lab, we use a transgenic mouse model in order to selectively delete PTEN from dentate granule cells (DGC) found in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus- where TLE forms. The experiments have shown that deleting PTEN causes abnormalities amongst DGC, causes mice to display seizures, and is sufficient to cause TLE. By utilizing advanced imaging and neuron reconstruction we are able to test the leading hypothesis that abnormal DGC drive TLE.

Epilepsy is a disorder that anyone can get. Epilepsy happens in the AREGEF2 Gene, this can lead to a condition called Periventricular Heterotopia, in which brain cells, belong in the cortex are along the ventricles. Major causes that can lead to Epilepsy are head injuries or the disorder can get passed down through genetics. The symptoms of Epilepsy are: Whole body: Fainting or Fatigue, Muscular: Rhythmic muscle contractions, or muscle spasms, Sensory: Aura, or pins, and needles, Also common symptoms: Seizures, amnesia, anxiety, depression, headaches, sleepiness, staring spells, or temporary paralysis after a seizure.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders that affect around 1% of the global population worldwide. Although the optimal use of the 24 approved anti-epileptic drugs in The United States has successfully treat some of the symptoms-related epilepsy, but not the underlying epileptogenesis processes, particularly in neonatal epilepsy. Newborn are more subjected to early-onset of epilepsy because of the common complications of labor in human, such as hypoxia-ischemia and pre-eclampsia. Such complications may cause major damage in the neonates’ brain, including inflammation, neuronal degeneration and other types of damage-related brain injuries. In recent years, great number of evidence point to inflammation as a potential pathway

(10).Gonzalez-Reyes RE et al. Manganese and epilepsy: a systematic review of the literature. Brain Res Rev. 2007; 53(2):332-6.

P-glycoprotein in drug resistant epilepsy- The exact cause for drug resistance in epilepsy is not fully understood. One theory is that the mRNA of ABCB1 the gene encoding for the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein is significantly upregulated at the blood brain barrier of patients with drug resistant epilepsy. P-glycoprotein acts as a gate-keeper and limits a large number of drugs from crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB) and therefore from entering the brain [20].This upregulation of P-glycoprotein at the BBB could prevent antiepileptic drugs from accessing the brain and cause drug resistance in epilepsy [20].Recent data from in vivo studies show that P-glycoprotein limits antiepileptic drugs from penetrating the brain [20].It was shown

In such cases, the theory most commonly accepted is that this epilepsy is the result of an imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain causing them to have convulsions and those seizures can be