Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Study

or two minutes and did not lose consciousness. After 30 minutes the athlete reported nausea,

Your brain sits in your skull and is surrounded by cerebral fluid. When a head injury occurs, the brain may collide with the skull, then “bounce back” and collide with the opposite side of the skull. At the neuronal level, blow strong enough to create a concussion has the effect of twisting or stretching of the axons, which in turn creates swelling. In many cases, the swelling will subside and the neuron may return to normal. However, if the swelling of the axon is severe enough, the axon may break down and can cause permanent damage. Many athletes will experience multiple concussions over the course of their career. Recently the NFL has stated it expects 1 in 3 former players will develop long-term cognitive issues.

Concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents the most common type of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Even though this type of TBI is called “mild”, the effect on the family and the injured person can be devastating. Concussions can be tricky to diagnose and there is no specific cure for concussion. There is growing recognition and some evidence that mild mechanical trauma resulting from sports injuries, military combat, and other physically engaging pursuits may have cumulative and chronic neurological consequences [3, 4]. However there is still a poor understanding of concussions and their effects. Studying mild brain injury in humans is challenging since it is restricted to cognitive assessment and brain imaging evaluation. Animal models provide a means to study concussions in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner with the hope of further diagnosis and treatment of mTBI.

The characteristics of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Jesse displays are inattention, memory and speech. Jesse is also demonstrating his desire for isolation from his friends. He prefers to be alone most of the time, which is out of character for Jesse.

Considering no two brain injuries are the same, treatment is stipulated accordingly. In the case of mild injury management, it is fairly low maintenance, requiring a lot of rest and over-the-counter pain medicine. However, the patient must be monitored religiously in case of worsening or new symptoms where immediately medical attention is vital. Once cleared by a doctor, the patient steadily returns to their normal schedules. Immediately after moderate and severe injuries, treatment is concentrated on prevention of secondary damage resulting from inflammation, bleeding, or reduced oxygen supply to the brain. Medications prescribed to diminish chance of secondary loss include diuretics, anti-seizure drugs, and coma-inducing drugs. Surgery is crucial in removing hematomas (clotted blood), repairing skull fractures, and opening a window in the skull in order to relieve pressure and allow room for swelling. A large part of treatment is rehabilitation. The goal is to get patients back to their normal daily routines. Rehab usually

For a long time, traumatic brain injury has been a large contributor to disabilities and death within the United States. Around 30 percent of these injuries lead to death, and those who survive these injuries may suffer from short-term side effects to long-term disabilities. It can range from a minor head injury to a major injury that you might suffer from a motorcycle accident.

Ischemic brain stroke represents the most common cause of serious morbidity and the second most common cause of mortality worldwide. Along with that traumatic brain injury also contributes a significant number of mortality and morbidity. While spontaneous recovery of lost functions to a certain degree takes place in some patients, the majority never regain full functional independence and ultimately suffer from a reduced quality of life. Clearly these health burden seeks detailed exploration of clinical and pathological aspects to modify the present treatment strategies. Glial scar formation which constitutes reactive astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and extracellular components is the response of CNS after external assault.

Traumatic brain injuries are usually sustained when an individual sustains a brain injury due to an external force or accident. The key characteristics of traumatic brain injuries are varied, can range from mild to severe, and depend on many factors. The most common key characteristics of traumatic brain injuries are “physical impairment, sensory impairment, emotional disturbance, disruption of cognition, and language problems” (Raymond, 2000). The result of the traumatic brain injury can be temporary or permanent. Students however may very well retain some of their previous abilities and will need help to make the transition back to school with whatever adjustments may

Extensive research offers hope for the growing numbers of people suffering from traumatic brain injuries that often leave victims unable to return to their previous lifestyle and sometimes require long-term care. Traumatic brain injuries are quite common from car accidents, a blow to the head, sports accidents, and in military veterans. These injuries have a long term effect that changes lives of many individuals. Some brain injuries, even have the power to change the way one speaks and complete simple everyday tasks which restrict one to be independent.

The second part of the study examined the importance of excitatory amino acid transporters in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury. To accomplish this, researchers applied an EAAT blocker to both injured and normal rats to measure their ability to remove extracellular glutamate. The data suggested that mice subjected to a traumatic brain injury had a more significant increase in extracellular glutamate after the EAAT blocker was applied. Additionally, mice in the traumatic brain injury required a significantly longer time for the extracellular glutamate to return to pre-study levels (Hinzman et. Al., 2012). As such, it seems that the major mechanism responsible for the cytotoxic levels of extracellular glutamate in traumatic brain injury is directly related to a

Injuries associated with TBI are divided into two categories: primary injuries and secondary injuries. Primary injuries are the direct physical damage incurred at the moment the trauma occurs. Secondary brain injuries occur indirectly as a result of trauma and usually appear hours or days after the initial injury. Secondary injuries exist as result of or separate from the initial injury. They cause complications such as hemorrhaging, alterations in intracranial pressure (ICP), and neurological deficits. Deterioration can occur even after patients have been downgraded from critical status. Approximately 40% of all cases of TBI deteriorate after hospitalization. These complications are a major cause of death in people with a TBI (Narayan et al., 2002). The brain normally maintains a state of homeostasis, meaning the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) stays within a normal range to adequately carry blood to the brain. The protective

The awareness of Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) has increased and the information available is better now than it was in the past. I believe many people are aware of concussions and traumatic brain injuries but not how it can affect their brain. Traumatic Brain injuries are a very complex injury with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. Many healthcare professionals in the field of brain injury often say, “If you’ve seen one concussion, you’ve seen one concussion.” Even a mild case of a concussion should not be taken lightly. People do not realize the impact it can have on a person and his/her family, it can be devastating. One of the leading causes of Brain Injuries is concussion as this has been brought to light by

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an external force caused changes in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology (Menon, Schwab, Wright, & Maas, 2010, p. 1638). Assessed with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, TBI is categorised into four injuries, namely minor (GCS=15), mild (GCS≥13), moderate (GCS 9-12), and severe (GCS ≤8) (Parsons & Hammeke, 2014, p. 211). Chronologically, TBI is divided into primary and secondary injuries (Gean & Fischbein 2010, p. 527). Primary injury occurs at the moment of injury with immediate brain tissue shearing and compression; whereas secondary injuries occur as a consequential physiologic response to primary injury that happens in the next hours and days. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP),

parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring

parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6-1.8 million persons annually (citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An enhanced knowledge of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is required to develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014}). Many techniques have been developed to help elucidate the injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over the years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the mesoscale structural information is studied to investigate the diffuse axonal injury. Finite element models have also provided a means to investigate diffuse axonal injury.