Renal Osteodystrophy

Specific parts of the body such as the kidneys work to regulate phosphorus and eliminate any extra consumed such as the form of phosphoric acid in soda (5). Therefore the kidneys cannot handle when too much phosphoric acid is consumed resulting in poor kidney function. Though, if the kidneys regulate the levels or amount of phosphoric acid and they start to have poor function, how do the levels of phosphorus get regulated? This commonly results in unusually high levels of phosphorus in blood which ends up lowering calcium levels which increases the risk of bone disease (6). Soda contains high amounts of phosphoric acid, and the higher the intake of phosphoric acid causes the need for an even higher intake of calcium. The balance between the two elements is a necessity for prevention of bone diseases such as osteoporosis and for proper bone density (7). Overtime the phosphoric acid weakens the body and leaches calcium from the bones (7). Excessive amounts of phosphoric acid leads to the loss of bone mineral density. There are many factors that might cause one’s likelihood to develop osteoporosis to increase such as whites and asian being more prone, older people more prone than younger, females more than males, or history of bone diseases, but lifestyle choice is a factor that can be

Osteoporosis is a bone disease due to calcium loss. As a result the bones lose strength and density. People are usually unaware that they have the condition until they experience a fracture.

In a normal skeletal structure, the adult vertebral column shows four slight bends called normal curves when it is viewed from the side. The vertebral column consists of seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, a sacrum and a coccyx. The curve of the vertebral column help maintains the upright position, protect the vertebrae from fracture and absorb shocks during walking. However, osteoporosis results in three types of abnormal curves of the vertebral column which is kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis. Kyphosis is a condition of an outward curvature of the spine causing hunching of the back where it is common among females with advanced osteoporosis. Meanwhile, lordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the

OFC is caused by unchecked hyperparathyroidism, or the over activity of the parathyroid glands, which results in an overproduction of parathyroid hormone. Too much parathyroid can cause bone breakdown and can also the bone to become fragile. PTH causes the release of calcium from the bones into the blood, and the reabsorption

First Maria needs to understand what hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is, mainly Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). HPT can be asymptomatic, or present with other symptoms such as kidney stones, increase urination, weakness, confusion, depression, bone pains and bone weakness. HPT happens when the parathyroid releases too much of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the blood, causing increased PTH levels in the blood. When this happens the blood does not have enough calcium in it, so it goes to the biggest reservoir for calcium- the bones. 99% of calcium is stored in the bones. Increased calcium need in the blood leads to increased bone resorption; this is when the cells in the bone break down the bone tissue to release the needed minerals, results

Depletion of vitamin D is often associated to PHPT, and restoration of normal levels of 25(OH) D is to be attained, given the importance of this vitamin for calcium metabolism.

What is osteoporosis exactly? Literally, osteoporosis means “porous bone”. Derived from oste/o, meaning bone, and –porosis, meaning the condition of being porous. It is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Clinically defined as a disorder characterized by compromised bone strength leading to an increased risk of fracture (Lane, 2006). Normal bone structure includes an extracellular matrix with mineralized and non-mineralized components, which gives the bones their mechanical properties, as well as collagen and mineralized osteoid cells. Calcium concentration is extremely important is determining the compressive strength of the bone (Bethel, 2015). The structure of bone in an individual with osteoporosis has lost mineralization and collagen due to a decrease in the production of these components as a result, the bones become porous and brittle. Bone is living tissue, constantly being broken down and reformed through out life. Derived from

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome affects the renal system, central nervous system, and in some cases the circulatory system. The cause of juvenile gout associated with LNS is the over production of uric acid or hyperuricemia. As the body continues to make too much uric acid the result is tophus or uric acid crystals. These crystals collect under the skin and between the joints as tophi (under the skin) (Fig. B) or between the joints causing gout (Fig C). There is also a present uric acid crystals in the urine, this is known as uric acid crystalluria (Fig D.), if the stones are large they can be large enough to get stuck traveling through the ureters to the bladder. “If a large stone gets stuck in the kidney or on its way to the bladder, it

Extraction may be contraindicated in an area of infection that has not been adequately treated (eg, an impacted third molar associated with pericoronitis that is not treated with an antibiotic). Extraction may also be contraindicated when it is adjacent to the site of jaw fracture, because the teeth may be required for stabilization of the fractured bone. If the patient has very limited mouth-opening ability, extracting a tooth may be extremely difficult because of limited access to local anesthesia.[3]

There are numerous factors that contribute to the development of this horrible disease, but the most important factor is vitamin D deficiency. When the minerals in osteoid crystallize, they require adequate concentration of calcium and phosphate. When the concentration is not at the correct level, ossification does not proceed normally (Huether & McCance, 2008). Vitamin D regulates the absorption of calcium from the intestine. When there is a lack of vitamin D, the concentration of calcium begins to fall (Huether & McCance, 2008). The body begins to regulate this calcium drop by increases the amount of PTH synthesis and secretion (Huether & McCance, 2008). An increase of PTH causes a clearance of phosphate and without the correct levels of phosphate mineralization of the bones cannot proceed in the correct manor (Huether & McCance, 2008). The abnormality of bone growth can occur in spongy and compact bone (Mayo

Vitamin D is a factor that contributes to the development of osteoporosis, and specific populations are at high risk for Vitamin D deficiency. This deficiency is currently being overlooked in populations with high risk patients, thus causing more health-related issues. It is important to pay attention to Vitamin D deficiency because it is essential to build and maintain strong bones, and it helps the human body use calcium from the diet. Additionally, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with multiple bone diseases which can cause deformities. It plays an important role in keeping the human body healthy, however, it is often overlooked so it must be addressed.

Serum studies are likely to demonstrate hypocalcemia or normocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Moreover, patients with secondary hyperparathyroid have elevated PTH levels and decreased vitamin D levels. In contrast, patients with tertiary HPT will have normal or elevated serum calcium concentrations in combination with moderately elevated intact PTH levels, as well as decreased vitamin D and phosphate levels. When untreated, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism may develop progressive bone disease, osteitis fibrosa cystica, or soft-tissue calcifications potentially visible on plain film x-rays. As secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidsm result from four gland hyperplasia, ultrasound or 99mTc sestamibi scintigraphy are not typically

Victims of Cystic Fibrosis are at a higher risk of having Osteoporosis because they cannot absorb vitamin D. They can also have an electrolyte imbalance because they have saltier sweat which upsets the balance of minerals in their blood.

Since the mid-1900, bone diseases have been diagonized using various radionuclides. In 1971 99mTc-labeled polyphosphonates was first used in bone scintigraphy [1]. Intravenous injection, followed by radiopharmaceutical adsorption happens at the bone surface within some hours. Perfusion of the bones and the of bone metabolism are the controlling factor of adsorption. As the bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals are excreted by the kidneys, and the kidneys and bladder can be seen routinely on a bone scan, the total uptake is a function of the combination of perfusion and metabolism rate and on renal function [2]. The epiphysieal plates of children or bone with mechanical sress shows high uptake. Additionally, in several pathophysiological conditions, even extraskeletal accumulation of tracer can be seen, e.g. in scars, myositis ossificans, liver metastases or tumors.10-12 On the other hand, fat patients (high absorption of radiation) and patients with renal failure show a reduced bone-to-background contrast resulting in degraded images [2].

Osteoporosis is a medical condition when the bones become brittle and fragile from the loss of tissue. This results hormonal changes, deficiency of calcium, or vitamin D. The etiology of osteoporosis can be described as your bones being in a constant state of renewal. The bone is created and old bone is broken down. A younger body makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone. Once this happens, your bone mass increases. When a person is in their early 20s, they reach their peak bone mass. The older a person gets, bone mass is lost faster than it is created. The chance to develop osteoporosis depends on how much bone mass you kept when you were younger. The higher your gain bone mass, the more bone you have for your body and the less likely