Questions On The And Of Guillain Barre Syndrome

The purpose of this study was to determine what an unknown bacteria was using several different microbiology lab techniques including an API test, an oxidase test, a gram stain, a hanging drop slide, and morphology identification. The unknown bacterium, which was contaminated with Serratia marcescens, was isolated by streaking the bacteria solution to single colonies. The isolated unknown white bacteria, had the appearance of circular form, convex elevation, entire margin, elongated cocci. The tests than showed that the bacteria was gram-negative, non-motile,

My unknown organism #6 is Morganella morganii, which is a gram-negative bacillus rods commonly found in the environment and also in the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as a normal flora. (3, 5) This bacterium Morganella morganii, was first discovered in the 1906 by a British bacteriologist named H. de R. Morgan. (2) Despite its wide distribution, it is an uncommon cause of community-acquired infection and is most often encountered inpostoperative and other nosocomial settings. (2, 3) Morganella morganii infections respond well to appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, its

Vibrio bacteria are Gram-negative with straight or curved rods. These bacteria are motile and have one polar flagellum that has a sheath around it. They occur in both marine and fresh water habitats. There are different factors to include when trying to grow this bacteria. In order for the different species of the Vibrio genus to grow, they need to be in salt or sea-water based medium for optimal growth and can grow in temperatures varying from 10C to 37C. Vibrio bacteria are facultative anaerobes that are non-spore formers. Their classification scheme from domain to genus or largest to smallest consists of: Bacteria, Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Vibrionales, Vibrionaceae, and Vibrio (Bay Science Foundation, Inc 2004-09).

- H. pylori has 4 to 6 "lophotrichous flagella" which are its favor in motility. Usually, the

Table 3 shows Gram stain results that indicated C. Freundii as a gram negative bacterium in rod shapes scattered in singles and some in pairs. Each gram stain produced the same results. The Bartholomew and Mittwer method of endospore staining indicated that C. Freundii tested negative for endospore formation. Table 4 shows the biochemical test results of the unknown and the official test results for comparison.

Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen that chronically infects the gastric and duodenal mucosa (1). It affects approximately 50% of the population worldwide, and is associated with multiple gastric pathologies, including gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric cancer (GC) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (2). While the majority of individuals infected with H. pylori are asymptomatic, essentially all develop chronic inflammation (3). Among infected individuals, approximately 10% develop PUD, 1-3% progresses to GC and 0.1% develop MALT lymphoma (3). Clinical outcomes of long-term infection vary, as disease severity is thought to be related to a combination of host genetics, environmental factors, and genetic heterogeneity of H. pylori (2). Helicobacter pylori exhibits a much greater genetic diversity than most bacteria, and this is often attributed to the differences in prevalence and expression of bacterial virulence factors that may impact the outcome of gastric disease (4). Several virulence genes related to the risk of gastric disease have been identified, including cagA, cagE, vacA, iceA, and babA2 (2). A large number of studies have shown that VacA producing H. pylori strains are related to more severe clinical outcomes, although the genetic mechanism(s) underlying this observed associations is not yet

Multiple Sclerosis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome are two autoimmune disorders of the nervous system that occur when the myelin sheath surrounding the axons of a nerve degenerate. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the central nervous system while Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) involves the peripheral nervous system.1,2 MS is a gradually regressing disease that usually occurs in one of four ways. The first is relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and is the most common. Patients typically experience relapses where the symptoms are aggravated and enhanced followed by episodes of remissions during which the symptoms cease or calm down. 3 The second type is called secondary-progressive MS (SPMS). This type mimics RRMS but undergoes a steadier decline that may or may not include relapses3. The third type is primary-progressive MS (PPMS) where the disease progresses at a more regular rate from onset. PPMS, however, may speed up, slow down, or even plateau for a bit, but no remissions are present.3 Lastly, progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS), the least common type, presents similarly to PPMS in that the decline is steady, but this type of MS has exacerbations that the patient may or may not recover from.3 Unlike MS, Guillain-Barré does not present in types and characteristically attacks more rapidly.2 It is a poorly understood disease, however, research has shown that it is generally preceded by a bacterial or viral infection.4

This article was an interesting read because it took what was common knowledge, the flu and corresponding vaccines, and added to it. It gave us a brief background on the how and why people react to flu vaccines. Scientist have found that, “nine genes are tied to a strong immune response to the flu vaccine in people 35 and under.” This relation can help us predict whether or not the vaccination will work in certain people. Since we know if the vaccine will work or not, we might also be able to determine any outcomes, or bad reactions a patient might have. I have a personal connections to this because my brother dislikes needles with a passion; he is scared to get them and can’t stand anything related to blood. So, when we went to get our booster

Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general

Vibrio cholerae is a "comma" shaped Gram-negative bacteria with a single, polar flagellum for movement. There are numerous strains of V. cholerae, some of which are pathogenic and some of which are not. V. cholerae is a facultative anaerobic organism and was first isolated as the cause of cholera by an Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently 30 years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease. The entire genome contains two circular chromosomes. Chromosome 1 has 2.961.149 base pairs with 2.770 open reading frames and chromosome 2 has 1.072.315 base pairs, with 1.115 open reading frames. It is the larger first chromosome that contains the crucial genes for toxicity, regulation of toxicity and important cellular functions, such as transcription and translation.The second chromosome is determined to be different from a plasmid or megaplasmid due to the inclusion of housekeeping and other essential genes in the genome, including essential genes for metabolism, heat-shock proteins and 16S rRNA genes, which are ribosomal sub-unit genes used to track evolutionary relationships between bacteria. Also relevant in determining if the replicon is a chromosome is whether it represents a significant percentage of the genome, and chromosome 2 is 40% by size of the entire genom.(fig 1)

The main purpose of the paper is to explore how bacterial cells, specifically Helicobacter pylori get their helical shape and what function the shape has. Helicobacter pylori is an interesting specimen to study because while some information is known on shape formation of bacterial cells (Bacillius, Coccus, Vibrio), little to no information is known of the factors that produce Helicobacter pylori’s shape. In reality, when Helicobacter pylori forms it must elongate itself, have curvature and twist itself in a specific manor to gain it’s final shape. This sort of morphological change isn’t set in same way as a bacilli elongates, or a vibrio curves, because previous studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori lacks some of the genes, or the genes

See Table 1 and Flow Chart 1 for results of Bacteria # 1 and Table 2 and Flow Chart 2 for results of Bacteria # 2.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides us with knowledge on diseases that we have never seen before. They help us determine the next step to prevent the disease from getting worse. Sometimes they are unsure what the next step is. This represents our current state of healthcare in the world. Thee are certain diseases that are catching our attention, for example, the Zika virus, which is a disease that has never seen before in the United States. According to McNeil, the virus is linked to brain damage and causes small heads in infants. The test used shows us results that are unreliable. The current state of healthcare that we have isn’t up to date in figuring out if she has the virus or not. Some women don’t even show the symptoms

It has five flagella which helps with motility. “T.vaginalis exists as a trophozite and lacks a cystic stage” (MicrobeWiki 2010).

The bacterium evolved by loosing its genes converting it from a free-living microbe into a pathogen. It needs the host’s nutrients in order to survive. The bacterium latches itself onto the host epithelial cells by a 160 kDa type 1 pilli. The pilli, located on a specific organelle on the polar region of the