The main goal of our group project was to use a series of different laboratory techniques to build a phylogenetic tree, or a graphical representation of the evolutionary lineage and relations of a set of organisms. Essentially, we aimed to isolate the 5.8S rRNA (a small RNA molecule found in the ribosome) in a collected specimen. After collecting our samples on a field trip, we analyzed their physical characteristics. I chose to collect a sample of a purple flower. A few defining characteristics of my flower were its elliptic leaf shape, rounded leaf bases, petiolate attachment, and monochasium inflorescence type. After close analysis, I was able to identify my sample as a petunia. Next, we extracted and purified our samples using liquid nitrogen, …show more content…
After analyzing my gels using a UV light, I was able to conclude that my PCR was indeed successful. Then, I proceeded to isolate my DNA sample in order to send it for sequencing. I accomplished this by cutting it from the gel, dissolving it into a solution, and centrifuging the solution many times between a myriad of washes. When my sequences came back, I analyzed the results using FinchTV. Overall, my sequence was clear and “noise” was minimal. Furthermore, the computer did not have much trouble identifying my peaks as specific nucleotides. For the most part, I had very few “N’s” in my sequence. Next, I copied and pasted my individual sequence into BLAST in order to compare my results with other sequences within the NCBI database. My sequence matched a myriad of petunia integrifolia samples. My maximum score was 833 and my E value was 0 which indicated an excellent match. My BLAST results did indeed match the observations I made during the field trip; thus, I had correctly identified my plant in the beginning steps. Next, I used a program called Cluster Omega to align my sequence with other students sequences in order to isolate my 5.8S rRNA gene.
Finally, I had obtained enough data to construct a phylogenetic tree. By using each student’s results and twelve additional sequences provided by the instructor, I was able to construct a tree using another feature of Cluster Omega. My original sample was included in the final tree; it was located in a clade along with other flowering plants with similar characteristics. The most closely related organism to my petunia integrifolia was the vicia faba plant. This relationship was expected as the two plants share similar elliptic leaf shapes, petiolate leaf attachments, erects habits, and similar
Based on your procedure and results, how is DNA isolated from plant or animal cells? /4
According to my DNA analysis when inputted into the BLAST system my unknown bacteria has an eighty-six percent similarity to Micrococcus Luteus. These result deviate a bit from the results obtained in the Gideon experiment. Since, my DNA sequence result was not as high as I would have preferred this could be due to the limited amount of DNA concentration available after the PCR experiment was completed. A factor that could have allowed me to get a different bacteria species from the biochemical test could have been that the sample taken from the culture could have been contaminated. If the bacteria were not cultured properly this could also affect the results. Making a mistake during the PCR experiment
By using DNA sequencing software and using comparative DNA alignment programs, scientists can piece together where the differences and similarities align and the percentage of identical DNA between two species. Another method of classifying these gene-swapping organisms is to alter the method of vertical genomics and shift to a new form of lateral genomics (Koonin et al. 2001). A method using vertical, linear genomics alone will not provide enough resources to clearly assign an organism to a taxonomic group. Also, scientists can look at gene loss over time as a method to group these organisms (Koonin et al. 2001). If scientists would rather stick with similarities to define a taxonomic group, the use of genomic instruments can provide a better picture of which genes are highly conserved between organisms of the same group (Doolittle 1999). Researchers have begun to employ this method as the means for best completing a phylogenetic tree. Using alignments of single copy genes conserved in the genome allows for scientists to achieve that vertical pattern of phylogeny that can be lost when focusing on the amount of transferred genes between groups (Lang et al. 2013).
Document I uses imagery to portray the amount of power held by Andrew Jackson, president at the time and relating it to that of a king. One of the larger symbols of the political cartoon is the color purple. Purple is the color of royalty, thus he is wearing robes of purple as well as surrounded by it. The slow covering of the Constitution and the bank by this purple color and Jackson standing on it is representative of how the country, more specifically the president, was trampling the Constitution and destroying what it stood for. It was being replaced by a system reflecting that of the British, a monarchy. This deeply contrasted to what the Jacksonian Democrats thought of themselves. They were not “Guardians of the United States
TOPIC 2: Analyse the development of Kambili in Purple Hibiscus as she moves from strict, fearful obedience to tentative defiance of her father. In your response account for her initial subservience and explain what factors contribute to her increasing maturity and independence.
16. Now, drag the tree window back to where you had selected Arthropoda in step 14. This time, click through these taxa in this sequence:
No one person was responsible for establishing the world’s first juvenile court in Chicago at the end of the 19th century. Yet, as you will see in this chapter, a good case can be made that Lucy Flower has been rightly called the mother of the juvenile court.
90. Mammals are members of a class of reptiles characterized by pressure of hair and
1. Did the construction of the phylogenetic tree based on the 14 living Caminalcules change the way you would group Caminalcules species in your taxonomic classification (chart)? What does this suggest about classification based on strictly of similarity versus evolutionary relationship?
Our results had been inconclusive in this part of the lab. The unknown was run with the other class due to the loss of a PCR tube. The tube had been redone and run in the gel and results had been inconclusive. No results had been shown for our gel. Meaning something along the way had been done incorrectly and as a result the experiment had no results. It is possible that primers or something was not added to the tube causing failed results. A wide variety of things could have gone wrong. But what we do know is that results should have occurred. In figure #6 the gel that was done by our class we could see that there are results. There is a very noticeable band that shows that this experiment could be done and that it wasn’t any machines fault but human error. The class had a band around 1500 base pairs which would be completely correct because 16s rRNA gene is usually 1500 base pairs long (Clarridge
Frida Kahlo was a phoenix. Phoenixes are mythical birds, often with flaming feathers, but by far, the most interesting quality of a phoenix is its death. When a phoenix dies, it burns up into a heap of ashes. Then, from the ashes a new baby phoenix is born. In a way, this is a perfect metaphor for Frida Kahlo and her life. When Frida burned in life, it didn’t just end there. After Frida’s accident, her world fell apart. Instead of an ending though, for Frida, it was a new beginning. Using her sorrow and mixing it with joy she grew a flower from her ashes, she rose again a new bird. Frida Kahlo used her pain to create beauty.
This is likely due to the fact that the molecular phylogeny tree published in ‘Whiting et al (2003) Nature 421:264,’ is constructed from more complete genomic data from each organism, and therefore provides a more holistic and inclusive basis for genetic comparison than the above UPGMA tree, which was constructed from only 81
Experiment 4 & 5: PCR did not work for my obtained DNA as there was no evidence of movement of the DNA. PCR did work for lab numbers 33 and 12. The size of my fragment could not be determined and cannot compare to the size that was expected. The negative control was clean as there was no traces of movements.
TOPIC 2: Analyse the development of Kambili in Purple Hibiscus as she moves from strict, fearful obedience to tentative defiance of her father. In your response account for her initial subservience and explain what factors contribute to her increasing maturity and independence.
In Purple Hibiscus “silence and Feminism” is a theme of grave adversity. The household in which the story surround comprised of Papa Eugene, mother Beatrice, daughter Kambili and son Jaja. Papa Eugene is a very successful and prominent figure who dominated the family with an iron fist. His devout to Catholicism propel him from a loving public figure to an authoritative husband and father at the hint of any religious indiscretion. His method of punishments is immoral by nature, but yet no one dear speak against him. They flout it, acting as if though nothing occurred and returned to normalcy just as fast as Papa violent outburst. The silence is abnormal and heavy; Kambili feels “suffocated” by it (Adichie 7).He is, a sick, demented man who is