Plate Tectonics Lab Report

Despite decades of research and the use of modern technology, scientists are still not able to detect in time an imminent earthquake. Even though seismologists mostly know where the faults are and are able to closely monitor the rate of activity on them ranging from a scale of a year to a decade and even a century, a solid short-term day to month forecasting in order to identify the places at risk, still is an insoluble problem. Although this may be true, some scientists in diverse fields choose to follow a different and a rather controversial approach on the subject by studying the unusual animal

I: The objective of this lab was to understand how plate boundaries work. We were to find the major plates and compare and contrast them.

In this laboratory experiment, you will be working as an amateur seismologist to locate the epicenter of a fictional earthquake. Your task will involve interpreting seismograms from three seismograph stations; determining the difference in time between the arrival of the P waves and arrival of the S waves from the earthquake; using a travel-time graph to determine how far each seismograph station is from the epicenter; and using the technique of triangulation to pinpoint the

Earthquake early warning systems alert devices and people when shaking waves generated by an earthquake are expected to arrive at their location. The seconds to minutes of advance warning allow people and systems to take actions to protect life and property from disastrous shaking. Devices such as isolation systems and dampers are designed to reduce vibrations of structures being effected in an earthquake and are added to the design of some modern buildings mainly in Japan. Advanced radar and infrared cameras take a series of images collecting data to identify signs of earthquakes. Advanced Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar shows fault movements over a period of years. Modems and Data Processing centres receive data collected by satellites to analyse the trends recognised in the electromagnetic emissions, radar pictures, infrared readings and elf

The ground movement created by the tremor source is recorded by instruments called seismographs. The follow made by a seismograph, called a

The hypothesis for this project is “ If the Effect of Preference of Colored Plates is green then, the Amount of Cookies Eaten will increase.” This project is based on the statement that a red plate can warn the conscious to not eat the substance that is on that plate. The science fair project is going to try to show that statement to be right. The project is interesting because of the science behind the statement; that a person’s conscious could relate a red plate to a stop sign, which is also red. The person’s conscious would then think of what to do at a stop sign and then, would feel cautious about eating what is on the plate. The significance of this project is to actually test on how a person feels, and to understand the science

Amber, a trained seismologist, looks forward to a high school dance, and a summer internship with her mother. Neither occur. She, along with her mother, and other specialists race to determine the cause of a series of unexpected large quakes on unknown, and unsuspected faults in New Mexico.

Scientists can’t predict earthquakes but may be able to give a 20 to 30 second warning to provide 30 seconds of evacuation. Scientist can get an idea of when an earthquake might happen by putting GPS trackers on fault lines. Seismographs can measure earthquakes. They are able to pick up the different types of waves that create and earthquake. These different waves can help scientist find out where the epicentre of the earthquake is.

Alfred Wegener suggested that the continents have moved about the earth. Wegener carefully compiled evidence for continental drift that eventually became universally accepted in the scientific community. This lab also helped support the theory of continental drift. In this lab, we created a map of Earth 225 million years ago. This map indicates that South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia all used to be a part of a landmass called pangaea.

Geologists measure an earthquake using a seismometer. A seismogram is an earthquake record produced by a seismomemter. Pore pressure monitors record

A piece of evidence we have for plate tectonics is when the continents separated from one another. We have evidence this happened because there have been fossils found in two different areas of the world and we know that they couldn't have physically gotten there endless at one time the continents were together. Another piece of evidence is mountain ranges because in order for a mountain range to exist there has to be two plates colliding causing the ground push up to form the mountains.

In this experiment we took a look at the tectonic evolution of the Mediterranean area and along the igneous belt of Turkey we collected rock. Each sample was collected along the entire outcrop that runs from the Kastaonu to Arac. We used petrology and geochemistry to help us take a look at rock samples and see what information it could tell us about the movement of the plates and the direction of subduction of ancient oceanic areas. There were problems with some classifications and two elements that was looked into, SiO2 and K2O. Given that the most significant variations among the major elements were usually in the abundant SiO2 and K2O. Our graph showed that K2O usually matched the trend in the natural rocks of the collected samples.

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimates that there are roughly 500,000 measureable earthquakes each year with 100 of the temblors causing damage (“Earthquake Facts,” n.d.). Much of the world’s population lives near the plate boundaries and faults where earthquakes are the most prevalent. Modern geologists and seismologists have developed techniques to help mitigate the geologic phenomenon’s catastrophic effects, but their ability to predict earthquakes is deeply mired in the nebulous realm of probabilities and statistics. Earthquakes expose our almost pathological need for control over our environment and trigger our most primal fears. An article by Alan Williams (2017) examines a new study that may provide evidence that the ancient Greeks viewed earthquakes not as a destructive force to be feared but as an instrument of creation which they wove into the fabric of their culture.

For this assignment, we are to examine earthquake activity around the world. Specifically, we are to examine the United States Geological Survey (USGS) earthquake website searching for earthquakes that have occurred around the world with a magnitude greater than two point five in the last seven days. Responses to the questions of the lab, based on the information obtained from the USGS website at 10:23 AM on Friday, January 3, 2014, are the basis of this paper.

Marmara Region of Istanbul has a history of catastrophic earthquakes such as the ones that struck on 17 August 1999 (Mw=7.4) and12 November 1999 (Mw=7.2). This led to the introduction of Istanbul Earthquake Rapid Response and Early Warning System (IERREWS) as a preventive measure for future earthquakes occurrences. This system consists of a dense network of 100 strong motion recorders located in the metropolitan area of Istanbul, 10 near the Great Marmara Fault and 40 more located at important structures (Mert et al 2004). The early warning system of the (IERREWS) is based on exceeding of predetermined thresholds values for the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and Cumulative Absolute Velocity (CAV) it has three alarm levels. If the value of CAV exceeds the threshold value it is considered a vote and within a specified time interval if the threshold value is exceeded in 2 or 3 stations the first alarm is declared. The original CAV has been modified to Bracketed CAV (BCAV) which is a summation of the maximum acceleration value exceeding a threshold value within a specific time domain generally at a one second interval. A recently modified version of the BCAV called the Windowed Bracketed CAV (BCAV-W) has been suggested which integrates the maximum acceleration values for a window length of 8 seconds. For the bracketed CAV window the threshold values suggested for the three alarm levels are 0.20, 0.40 and 0.70 m/s (Alcik et al 2009).