Phonological Awareness Essay

The goal is screening a 3-5 year old is to identify any factors that may impact the child’s communication, developmental health, or future academic performance (ASHA). At this age, screenings may be mandated by a school, recommended by a doctor, or simply requested from a family. For screenings, it is common to do an otoscope exam, pure tone test, and tympanogram reading. The otoscope is used to make sure there are no foreign bodies or cerumen blocking the ear canal (Oxford Medical). This would create an inaccurate screening. A pure tone test will identify the faintest tone a person can hear at select frequencies. A way to screen this age group is with a strategy called conditioned play audiometry during a pure tone test. With this, the child is asked to perform an activity every time a tone is heard. The

A mysterious and strange malady arrives in the small American town of Abida which can be found on an island off the coast of the New England region. The island is somewhat isolated, most political matters are handled locally between it's people, this is due to the islands history. The people of Abida are the final result of successful human amalgamation between slave and owner with many of which who still holds on to their eccentric ancestral beliefs that revolve around "the old ways". This causes many to rarely visit or leave the island and as a consequence Abida is flung into a realm of enigma lying beyond the fringes of the New Englander's conscience. Without the aid of the mainland however, the disease, which is referred to locally as "scourge" takes large sections of

Selected papers that presented A or B strengths of evidence addressing the comparison between HA or CI in the pediatric population with prelingual deafness.

**note that Appendix 4-D includes ordering information for the SIFTER, CHAPS, and Fisher’s Auditory Problems Checklist (along with other materials that you may need)

Performance management systems benefit stakeholders at every level if they are implemented successfully. Performance management systems align employee performance with the strategic direction set by the organization. St. Jessica’s Urban Medical Center’s leadership must perform specific actions, prior to implementing the new performance management system, to ensure it is a success. The organization's leadership must disseminate the information throughout the company, create a process that ensures employees can dispute ratings, train raters to evaluate employees and gain buy-in from early adopters (Aguinis, 2013). A newly implemented performance management system will fail if the proper steps are not taken in the beginning.

1. ELL students need to be familiar with the sounds of English before they can develop phonological awareness. 2. Instruction needs to be explicit, modifications made, and practice needs to be given when needed. 3. Once phonological awareness has developed in any language, then it can be transferred to other languages that are learned.  4. Teachers should frequently model the production of sounds. 5. Beginning readers should get help to learn to identify sounds in short words.

Hearing is very important for learning. Hearing status is strongly correlated with academic performance so these children need to be identified to help ensure positive outcomes. A mild loss may go unnoticed but can have detrimental effects on learning. Classrooms can be noisy environments which are challenging for normal hearing listeners and even more so for children with hearing losses. Providing integrated audiological and speech services through the school system helps identify children who are at risk for difficulties and provide interventions to help ensure a smooth transition to school. The school is a good access point for these services because it is close to the child’s home, parents have a direct contact, wait times can be shorter

Auditory Processing Disorders, also known as Central Processing Disorders, are difficulties in the processing of auditory information in the central nervous system. The definition for an Auditory Processing Disorder is frequently changing and evolving. According to ASHA standards in 2005, a “central processing disorder refers to difficulties in the perceptual processing of auditory information in the central nervous system and the neurobiological activity that underlies the processing and gives rise to the electrophysiological auditory potentials (ASHA 2005).” Recent evidence has declared auditory processing disorders to be a legitimate clinical disorder resulting from confirmation of the link between well-defined lesions of the central nervous system and deficits on behavioral and electrophysiological central auditory measures (Musiek, F. Journal of American Academy of Audiology). An individual is likely to perform normally in tests including clicks and tones, rather than speech. There is a significant difference between the receptors for audition and speech processing. It is imperative that these disorders are diagnosed and treated early in a child’s development to eliminate developmental negative consequences.

Iliadou et al. (2015) analyzed three cases of Pediatric Speech Sound Disorder (SSD) to determine if a hearing loss or auditory processing deficit played a part in the delayed progress that was being made in speech therapy. Each child completed an otoscopy, pure-tone air conduction evaluation, tympanometry, otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), auditory brainstem responses (ABR), and a variety of word recognition assessments (e.g. dichotic listening, sequencing, other central auditory processing disorder assessments). Case one was an 8-year-old boy who had a diagnosis of SSD and presented little to no progress in therapy (Iliadou et al., 2015). The mother of the child had no concerns regarding her child’s hearing, although several scenarios began

In this experiment, mild bilateral hearing loss (MBHL), unilateral hearing loss (UHL), and normal hearing (NH) children’s speech recognition and listening efforts was examined. There were two separate experiments completed. The hypothesis was, does noise affect speech recognition for children with NH. The purpose was to examine the stimulus timing and response to each person’s response.

Children with ANSD receive an evaluation from a pediatric Audiologist. They should also consider receiving an evaluation from a genetic counselor to see if there is a genetic condition behind the cause of their ANSD. The pediatric Audiologist performs a comprehensive examination. During the evaluation the Audiologist determines behavioral hearing thresholds/responses. This is because the ABR is not specific enough to determine an individual’s hearing thresholds. It is a good estimation but not specific enough. Such ways the pediatric Audiologist will determine a child’s hearing thresholds depend on the age of the child. For children birth up to five months the Audiologist might perform behavioral observation audiometry (BOA). For ages of at

When phonological awareness is worked on skills of attention, perception and visual amplitude are developed that allow to acquire greater fluency for reading.

In a noisy environment, being able to monitor speech reception can be a challenge to someone who suffers from hearing loss. There has been an abundance of research conducted on school age children ranging from 8 to 17 years of age.

McDermott et al. (2016) highlighted the importance of need of a multi disciplinary approach in the diagnosis and treatment of APD. They studied the auditory processing skills of children between 7-12 years with normal hearing, speech and language abilities, cognition, and attention. They administered a series of preliminary tests which included a hearing screening (15 dB HL from 250 to 8000 Hz), word recognition testing, immmitance audiometry, and TEOAE. Along with these another series of tests assessing the nonverbal IQ, phonological processing, and attention skills were also administered .The behavioral APD test battery included: Dichotic Digits Test, Frequency Pattern Test, Duration Pattern Test, Random Gap Detection Test, Compressed and

In "The Second Coming" by W.B Yeats, the statement that the best people "lack all conviction", while the worst are "full of passionate intensity" can be applied to the speakers of "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" and "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" in several ways. In "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", he would like to talk to this woman, but he is afraid to take a chance. He is thinking to himself “Do I dare Disturb the universe? In a minute there is time for decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse”. He is just not certain that this is the best time to make a connection and not knowing how she would respond to him makes it even harder.