Pathophysiology Of Asthma

The innate and adaptive immune response start with exposure to an antigen in the epithelium of

B.J.was exposed to cats, thus causing an acute asthma attack. Patient being exposed to cat fur is what caused his allergic reaction. IgE antibodies cause allergic reactions, these cells are mainly attached to mast cells that lie in the lung interstitium in close association with the bronchioles and small bronchi. Once BJ breathes in the fur, to which he is sensitive to, the pollen reacts with these mast cells and thus causing these cells to release histamine. Which causes localized edema in the bronchioles as well as thick mucus. This causes the spams in the bronchilar smooth muscle which cause airway resistance. In return causing an acute asthma attack.

In this article Dr. Foaud explains the inflammatory response that occurs in the airways of asthma patients and how the different types of cells and respiratory epithelial interact in the process. Respiratory epithelium, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and leukocytes all play an critical part in not only the inflammatory response but also in the way that they may be utilized to inhibit the response to help treat asthma. The article also explains how chemokines recruit inflammatory cells to the airways. The inflammatory response seen in asthma

It is available in elixir and pill/capsule form. Immunomodulators decrease asthma symptoms and are not for acute relief. The use of these decreases the need for systemic corticosteroids. Immunomodulators impact different parts of the pathophysiology of asthma. They can be of use in decreasing inflammation and stopping airway remodeling. They bind to IgE preventing it from binding to basophils and mast cells. They also decrease the number of circulating basophils as well as prevent mast cells from releasing things that will worsen asthmatic symptoms. Xolair is a monoclonal antibody and is the only currently approved immunomodulator therapy available for asthma. It is mainly used with positive skin test to known asthma triggers but can also be used for symptoms that are inadequately controlled by inhaled corticosteroids. There are many newer drugs that are in development. Some of these include: Daclizumab which affects multiple places in the asthma cascade; Lebrikizumab which binds and blocks interleukin-13 activity; Reslizumab that targets

Asthma and Allergy are accepted conditions that involve both genetics and environmental bothers (contributions). Also, this type of condition is a disease striking the cells of the human body’s immune system; however, it is inflammatory response to a normally

Lemanske Jr, R.F. and W.W. Busse, Asthma: Clinical expression and molecular mechanisms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2010. 125(2, Supplement 2): p. S95-S102.

Asthma is a respiratory chronic disorder affecting about twenty six million people, both children and adults, in the US. About seven million children suffer from this disease. This disease has a complex pathophysiology including airflow obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and inflammation. Factors that stimulate asthma attacks include exercise, gastroesophageal reflux, environmental allergens, obesity, tobacco smoke, NSAID use, chronic rhinitis or sinusitis, viral infections of respiratory system such as rhinovirus (Lemanske, Jackson and Gangnon), irritants, emotional stress, and perinatal factors such as prematurity.

Asthma is one lifestyle disease that affects the body’s systems greatly. In the year of 2004/05 asthma was a multi-million dollar industry at $606 million. In 2007/08 asthma prevalence is responsible for over 9.9% of the population in Australia, which is almost 2,

Adrenoceptor agonists relax airway smooth muscle, and inhibit the release of bronchoconstricting mediators from mast cells. They can also increase mucociliary transport via increasing ciliary activity, and inhibit microvascular leakage. These are achieved through stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, which increase the formation of intracellular cAMP. 2-selective drugs include ephedrine, albuterol, terbutaline, pirbuterol, salmeterol, formoterol, and indacaterol. Anti-inflammatory agents such as an inhaled corticosteroid can provide long-term control. These inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, and the infiltration of asthmatic airways by mast cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. If taken frequently, these decrease bronchial reactivity, and reduce the frequency of asthma exacerbations. Some inhaled corticosteroids include beclomethasone, budesonide, flunisolide, ciclesonide, fluticasone, mometasone, and

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that mainly affects the lungs. It is caused by inflammation of the airways resulting in wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and tightness of the chest. Asthma can often be mild but there are times in which it can become fatal. Although it is most commonly diagnosed in children, people of all ages can be affected by it. As of now, no cure has been found for asthma, this means that any individual affected by asthma, even if they are well, still have the disease and could have an attack at anytime. Thankfully, however, even though no cure has been found yet, advancement in our knowledge and treatment helps in preventing and managing the disease, enabling those who are affected to live a normal and active lifestyle.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory condition which affects the membrane lining of the nose; causing it to become sensitive to allergens such as pollen, dust and animal dander. During AR, antigens bind with immunoglobulin E (IgE) to form an antigen-antibody complex which then attach themselves to the surface of nasal mast cells; inducing a cascade of cellular events leading to mast cell degranulation and the release of histamine via exocytosis. The release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators on blood vessel and nerve endings results in the symptoms of AR such as sneezing, itching and nasal discharge (rhinorrhoea). AR which occurs the same time every year is known as seasonal AR or more commonly known as “hay fever”. Avoiding causative allergens is essential in the management of the symptoms of AR; however, drug treatment is used to alleviate and control its symptoms. This evaluation will focus on the use of H1 anti-histamines, corticosteroids and IgE therapy in the treatment and management of seasonal AR. (ARIA, 2008)

The APC’s, when activated, migrate to the lymph nodes and interact with T and B cells to initiate the immune response. Antigens gets broken down to peptide fragments and presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex 2 molecules (MHC-II) to T cell receptors. For this reaction to be significant, a co-stimulatory signal is also needed to increase interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. IL-2 is a T cell growth factor that is necessary for T cell activation. When T cells are activated the Th2 cytokines are produced. In particular, IL-4 causes CD4+ cells to adopt Th2 properties and stimulates B and T cell proliferation, along with the upregulation of MHC-II expression. IL-4 also causes B cells to undergo class switching and produce IgE that is specific to the allergen. The IgE binds to the Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils and upon re-exposure to the allergen, mediators, mainly histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines, are released from preformed granules in the cell.4 Another cytokine, IL-5, activates eosinophils and has a stimulatory role on B cell growth. Eosinophils, along with neutrophils, basophils, T cells, and macrophages produce more cytokines and inflammatory mediators, which keeps the inflammatory response active. This is known as the late phase of an allergic reaction, which is responsible for the persistent chronic symptoms of allergies. Chronic symptoms include swelling of the nasal

The early asthmatic response is the initial exposure of the antigen to the bronchial mucosa (McCance, 2014). Dendritic cells present the antigen to CD4+ T cells which become Th2 cells which release cytokines. The Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-22 are released. Antigen specific IgE production is stimulated by IL-4. Il-5 stimulates the proliferation of eosinophils which cause tissue injury and toxic neuropeptides which contribute to hyperresponsiveness, fibroblast proliferation, airway scarring, and epithelial injury. Inflammatory response is exaggerated by neutrophil activation by IL-8. IL-13 reduces mucociliary clearance, enhances fibroblast secretion and helps bronchoconstriction and airway remodeling. Neutrophilic inflammation is increased by IL-17 and IL-22 stimulates airway epithelial cells which stimulate further adaptive immune responses. Degranulation of the mast cells, caused by the Fc portion of IgE binding to receptors on the surface of mast cells, releases inflammatory mediators which cause vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, mucosal edema, bronchial smooth muscle contraction, and mucous secretion of the goblet cells and narrowing of the airways (McCance, 2014).

Infection of the respiratory tract may cause the exacerbation of asthma for someone who has been diagnosed with asthma. According to Busse, Lemanske and Gern (2010), viral respiratory tract infections, mostly caused by rhinoviruses are related with asthma exacerbations. Moreover, when the infections of upper respiratory tract, which affect the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi happen, the immune system responds to it with inflammation. According to Rohilla, Sharma, Kumar and Sonu (2013), viral infection causes inflammation which narrowing the air tract. Furthermore, the inflammation may trigger the overproduced of mucus, which worsens the narrow airways. On common conditions, the immune system’s inflammation response

Asthma is a long-term medical condition that affects the airways. When a person has asthma the walls of the air tubes that transport the air in and out of the lungs become irritated and swollen. In this condition, the air tubes get smaller and the cells produce more mucus than usual clogging the air tubes and preventing the air to reach the lungs. This disease makes the airways very sensitive, in consequence they may be greatly affected by any allergic reaction a person may have. Asthma affects people of all ages, there is an average of 25 million people affected by this condition in the united states. People that have a family history with asthma and allergies are more likely to have this condition.