Parkinson's Disease Research Paper

Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders. and it affects approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years old. Parkinson’s disease is a condition that progresses slowly by treatment. In addition, loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantianigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewyneurites are the two major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016).

Parkinson disease (PD), also referred to as Parkinson’s disease and paralysis agitans, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the third most common neurologic disorder of older adults. It is a debilitating disease affecting motor ability and is characterized by four cardinal symptoms: tremor rigidity, bradykinesia or kinesis (slow movement/no movement), and postural instability. Most people have primary, or idiopathic, disease. A few patients have secondary parkinsonian symptoms from conditions such as brain tumors and certain anti-psychotic drugs.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,

Dopamine is a brain chemical/Neurotransmitter that work as messenger signal between the Substantia Nigra to the next relay station of the brain, the corpus striatum which helps to produce smooth coordinate movement and also plays a major role to help control muscle’s movement. With Parkinson’s disease, the brain cells that produce dopamine slowly die, which lead to decrease production of Dopamine. The loss of dopamine causes abnormal nerve firing with brain and the cells that control muscle’s movement by sending the messages to the muscles; due to this it becomes really hard to control muscles movement and cause tremors and various other symptoms such as rigidity and difficulty walking and performing daily tasks. Dopamine is not the only neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson’s Disease. Norepinephrine is very relatively close to dopamine and is also involved in Parkinson’s Disease. Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease have loss of nerve ending that produce norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a major neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system, which control many autonomic functions of our body; it causes increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Loss of norepinephrine can help us explain the non-motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s Disease such as fatigue, decrease in gastric stability and disruption in cognition. Parkinson’s Disease can be hereditary

Thanks to YouTuber Matthew Santoro, I came across a children’s book online called “You Can’t Be an Astronaut, It’s Just Not Realistic”. In this book, a little boy dreams of becoming an astronaut. However, three scientists discourages him. The reason: becoming an astronaut is just too hard.

My ideal representation of the Mystery of God is found in us. The Mystery of God viewed from a Roman Catholic Christian perspective portrays an anthropomorphic God who is both transcendent and immanent. God is also looked upon through the paschal mystery and as “one of us”, depicting God as fully human and fully divine. This image of God can be identified as the most benevolent and therefore understanding. Humans generally look for God in this form as he is interpreted as both omnipotent and human.

New discoveries on the treatment of Parkinson’s disease show that dopamine neurons can treat Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system, which is a progressive disease. Parkinson’s disease is marked by tremors, muscular stiffness. It mainly affects people who are either elderly or middle aged. Although Parkinson’s disease cannot be cure lab grown dopamine can assist in being able to manage the disease in an enhanced way. Although Parkinson’s disease is not curable but can be treatable it still needs more work in order to make a cure in the future. Dopamine helps regulate movement and when there is a deficiency in dopamine that results in Parkinson’s disease.

One of the most commonly seen neurological disorders is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Named after the doctor who first identified the disease as “the shaking palsy” Dr James Parkinson (1755-1824), Parkinson’s disease affects over 1 million Americans today. On average around 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease annually. This is an alarming number of new cases but what is even more startling is the fact that thousands of cases go undetected each year as well. PD is a clinical diagnosis with no definitive diagnostic test to identify the disease.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population over age 60 [1]. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease and is predicted to increase in prevalence as the population ages, imposing a social and economic burden on society [2]. PD is classically characterized by a loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and the development of Lewy Bodies within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) [3]. Neurons originating in the SNpc project to the striatum where they activate D1 or D2 receptors to stimulate the direct or indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, respectively. Activation of the direct pathway by dopamine (DA) results in

Simply because the imaging methods used such as CCT or an MRI are structural neuroimaging methods that cannot provide characteristics that are generally featured in PD, both which are commonly tools used by physicians. However, it is possible for the physician to use functional neuroimaging methods such as PET and SPECT, which are definitive and more accurate in diagnosing patient’s first sign of parkinsonism. This form of early diagnosis does come with a hefty price that many cannot afford along with the fact that it is not broadly available in many clinics or imaging centers. With that said a new method, the TCS is more reliable in effectively diagnosing early symptoms of PD. It was concluded that with the use of the TCS “up to 90%” of patients have shown an enlarged echogenic size (hyperechogenicity) of the substantia nigra (SN). An enlarged echogenic of the SN leads to a diminishment of the nerves in the SN, that is seen in PD. The nerve cells in SN are responsible for control of movements and coordination by sending out signals to tissues on both sides of the brain. A 37-month study led by multiple researchers have determined that an enlarged SN was correlated with a higher risk for PD. TCS has also been known to precisely diagnosis the severity and differentiation of PD patients, distinguishing how sensitive and the specificity of individual patients.

There is no scientific test to diagnose Parkinson’s. This disease can be observed through three signs, a resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Rigidity in the muscles can affect the mobility of a patient. These signs can develop at different times and in different types of severity making it more difficult to diagnose. “No specific test exists to diagnose Parkinson’s disease” ( Mayo 4). Along with the three signs the doctor can also use a patient's medical history, and a neurological physical exam. A Neurologist is the doctor who will diagnose this disease. Parkinson’s disease most often develops in adults around the age of 60. The procedure for diagnosis is the same for all ages and

Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common forms of Parkinsonism, which are a group of motor system disorders. Parkinson’s is a genetic disorder that occurs primarily when a person has low and/or deteriorating dopamine levels. Dopamine neurons are important in the role of voluntary movement and mood. Dopaminergic neurons are made in the substantia nigra, in the brain and as the number of neurons drop the severity of the symptoms become more severe. No one knows what triggers the death of these cells. The remaining surviving cells that are affected usually present with Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites (Wakabayashi et al. 2012). Typically, Parkinson’s disease affects people past the age of 65, but like many diseases,

Parkinson’s disease is a disorder that affects the brain, which then affects multiple other processes in the body. The disease is known to progress slowly and many patients are diagnosed when they are around 60, but early onset is a possibility. Parkinson’s is a “neurodegenerative” disease, meaning, the nervous system deteriorates, particularly brain cells called neurons. Parkinson’s is second to alzheimer’s in terms of being the most common neurodegenerative disease. There are over 500,000 affected by Parkinson’s.  The disease deteriorates brain cells that produce dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical found in the brain that helps control movements and emotions. With the lower amount of dopamine, patients tend to have less emotion and movements.

Just imagine: your muscles going stiff, tremors running through your limbs constantly and the inability to smile and laugh with your grandchildren. This torment is the everyday experiences of a Parkinson's disease sufferer. Parkinson's disease is a growing concern in our nation, and though we know what the symptoms are, we do not know for sure what causes it, or even how to cure it. Throughout this paper, the definition will be described as well as the symptoms and treatment options.

Parkinson’s disease or PD is classified into idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, parkinsonism due to identifiable causes and parkinsonism in other neurodegenerative disorders. True Parkinson disease is classified into two subclinical groups. One group demonstrates postural instability and gait disturbances as dominant symptoms whereas the other group exhibits tremor as the prominent feature (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007).