Author:
Course instructor:
Course:
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Office of the Prosecutor, ICC
TO: [name of recipient]
FROM: [name of author]
DATE: [date]
RE: [subject of memo]
Introduction
This memo addresses the issue of whether this office has sufficient grounds to launch an investigation into the events that took place in Minoropolis.
Issues
The issues that arise from the facts are;
Systematicplanned attack and retaliation.
Forceful eviction of civilian population.
Murder.
Torture.
Racial Slur or Hate Speech.
Discussion
Article 7 of the Rome Statute, Crimes against Humanity defines murder and extermination. A crime against humanity occurs when a party commits a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population that includes certain acts such as
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The term organization must satisfy certain criteria put down by an ICC Pre-Trial Chamber, the organization must have a hierarchy of command, possess the means to carry out a widespread or systematic attack, exercises control over a part of the territory of a State, and has criminal activities against a civilian population as a purpose. In Minora, the drug cartels are said to be well organized and have authority throughout the Minora country with the help of local police.Their criminal activities have brought violence to the country with victims being both rivals of member gangs and ordinary citizens. The drug cartels also use military weapons such as automatic weapons and grenade launchers that are used to attack the government forces.
The definition of a non-international armed conflict is provided for under International Humanitarian Law (Bouchet-Saulnier, Brav, & Michel 426). Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and modified by Art. 1 of Additional Protocol II to state that the conflict must have an extended period of violence, and the parties must be organized and armed. The conflict in Minora between the government forces and drug cartels has taken place since January 2014 and went on until September. This can be said to be a long period of violence. In the case of Prosecutor v Tadic`
On December 9, 2015, Ronald Beecroft, a white male, born on May 4, 1964, contacted the Lee County Sheriff 's Office to report a credit card fraud.
Louise Mensch said, “Money gives you the power to do whatever you want to do. I like the idea of being in complete control of my life.” very much similar to the morals taught by the two pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales. A tale about greed, the Pardoner’s story explains that money is the root of all evil. While the Wife of Bath’s is about women having their power.
Unlawful killing of a human being by an act done: with intention to kill or to inflict grievous bodily harm. To kill or slaughter, inhumanly or barbarously.
On August 31, 2015, this investigator was assigned an internal investigation to review the Special Investigations Unit (SIU) domestic violence investigation and arrest of Officer Johnn “Jason” Scott from an August 26, 2015, incident at his house at 6140 S. Franklin Rd. in Marion County.
I feel that this case was somewhat representative of what was discussed in the textbook. The forensics aspects of this case were generally different from the impression of forensics I received from reading the textbook. Despite this fact, I feel that the investigative techniques of this case were similar to what was discussed in the textbook, as well as what has been discussed during lecture.
Over the last several decades, violence has consumed and transformed Mexico. Since the rise of dozens of Mexican cartels, the Mexican government has constantly been fighting an ongoing war with these criminal organizations. The cartel organizations have a primary purpose of managing and controlling illegal drug trafficking operations in Central America and South America to the United States. Violence on a massive and brutal scale has emerged due to the nature of the illegal drug trade. Because the drug trade is vastly widespread, cartels are often fighting one another and competing in business. Mexican authorities count at least 12 major cartels, but also talk of an untold numbers of smaller splinter groups. (Taipei Times). Five cartels
In 2008, The National Education Association hosted the NEA National Summit on GLBT issues in Chicago, Illinois. The Summit was attended by leading researchers, practitioners, and scholars on gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) issues and to provide recommendations to improve learning conditions and academic acement of GLBT youth (Kim, 2009).
Also the appropriate authority must be the persons who have declared war and ensured that this call was done on the basis of last resort, after trying to attempt all other methods which could assist in resolving the conflict. The second principle which is of the just war theory is Jus in Bello. (Anon,[n.d]b), These are rules and guidelines which explain some steps that the state must adhere to whilst in the conflict. In order to follow this principle, the states must follow proportionality and discrimination during the conflict. Those who are in fighting in the conflict must not use excessive force, only the force which is needed to achieve the necessary outcome. It is also important for them to be careful and precise when identifying any enemy combatants, and always ensuring they avoid civilians at all costs including illegitimate targets which could potentially cause destruction and violation on their individual rights. (Anon,[n.d]b),
According the Article 16 of the constitution of the Mexico United State, organized crime is defined as an “organization made up of 3 or more persons with the purpose of committing crimes in a permanent or repeated manner in the terms of the law on the matter” (Siegel, 150). The U.S Department of Justice, defines a drug cartel as “large, highly sophisticated organizations composed of multiple DTOs[ drug trafficking organizations] and cells with specific assignments such as drug transportation, security/enforcement, or money laundering” (Drug Trafficking Organizations). Gil Kerlikowske, director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), gave a statement in which he challenges the appropriateness of the use of the term cartel, “It is now very clear to me [that] we should not call them drug cartels, because they are involved in so many other things [...]. They are multifaceted companies [...]. If we continue to call them drug cartels, even though that still remains a large part of their profits, then we will continue to think we have to deal with them through some kind of drug legislation, regulation, and so on” (Siegel, 152). For our purpose, we will use the term drug trafficking organizations as an overall umbrella to discuss all organized crime in Mexico;
Crimes against humanity means of any kind of act that is violent in nature and aimed at a specific area of the population. That is a list of crimes against humanity. This list of crimes against humanity does not take on every possible crime that can be so classified, whatever the particular acts in this list of crimes against humanity are some of the more common acts defined by the term.
The Inter-American Juridical Courts, that pushes for disciplinary action against corrupt government officials and arms dealers. The CIP is the OAS organization concerning port security, a major component on slowing and ending the gun trade, as well as stockpile management and transportation of said stockpiles to safer locations. The department against transnational crime deals in ending the crime leaders, such as the Colombian cartel and the FARC and the Peruvian terror group known as the Shining Path, as well as corrupt politicians that support these organizations through bribery and tax breaks on certain properties. The CICTE, the branch organization of the OAS that deals with counter terrorism, takes a special interest in ending the arms trade and stockpile management, as the gun trade can fund some of their terrorist activities and the stockpile management is extremely important, as if one stockpile falls into the hands of a terrorist organization, for instance the FARC, and they get their hands on three hundred M4A1 assault rifles, they could ensue a major shooting or enact a revolution, as the Shining Path had done in the past. The Shining Path has taken major advantage of the arms trafficking trade, in attacking bombings, assassinations, and other various acts of terror in major urban areas in an attempt to
Each player within the criminal justice system plays an important part in the process. In order for procedures to flow and function properly, each player must participate in their role to the fullest of their abilities. Amongst the characters involved is the prosecutor who plays a critical role within the criminal justice process and represents the state (Young, 2013). The prosecutor is a key player whose place is that of an essential position with the responsibility of connecting the other roles within in the courtroom such as police, defense attorneys and judges (Neubauer & Fradella, 2014). Furthermore, the prosecutor is the only individual who interacts with each actor participating in the process (Young, 2013). As Justice Robert Jackson
Clearly, mistaken or deliberate manipulations even of minor details can impede the accurate reconstruction of an event and possibly incriminate innocent suspects. Importantly, the present findings indicate that a large proportion of eyewitness fail to detect such mistakes.
There are many definitions of crimes against humanity, but the acts considered such are relatively uniform across them all. These acts include murder, enslavement, extermination, torture, rape, and additional atrocities [Duch Trial 99-105]. These are somewhat like
The use and threat of the use of force is prohibited by article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter . The only exception in which States may use force unilaterally (without authorisation of the United Nations Security Council), is when they invoke the right of self-defence . The right of self-defence can only arise in situations where the state’s security is threatened, and its vital interests are at stake . While it has been argued that the right to self-defence is inherent, the limitations of the right ‘are inherent in very concept of self-defence’.