Introduction
The number of drops a penny can hold is affected by the type of liquid. Will the number of drops on the penny until it overflows change if I change the liquid from water to sodium chloride water and by how much will it change? To investigate this, there needs to be variables that are not changed when experimenting. The penny is the dependent variable because it depends on the number of drops to overflow and the drops of the liquid the independent variable as it does not change or depend. The controlled variables include using the same penny, applying the same amount of pressure on the dropper for each drop, the height of the drop that is falling onto the penny, and using the same dropper. The independent variable is changed from
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Place cup onto table/desk.
Place paper towels onto table/desk.
Place one paper towel on top of the table/desk and put a penny on on top of the paper towel.
Pick up the dropper and put it in the cup (filled with sodium chloride) and squeeze the top of it to pick up the liquid.
Rest hand on table/desk and lightly and carefully squeeze dropper to dispense liquid on top of the penny. Count each drop.
Repeat steps 6-7 until liquid (sodium chloride) on penny overflows. Don’t forget to keep track by keep counting each drop and writing it down.
Repeat step 7 five to ten times to achieve more effective results.
Record the number of drops placed on the penny until it overflowed each time onto a table as shown below.
Number of
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In this recent one, how many drops of sodium chloride can a penny hold before it overflows, it turned out to be the penny can hold 31 drops before it overflows. However these results may not be as accurate as they are supposed to be and may only be 80 percent accurate. Evaluation/Analysis The height of the liquid dropping from the dropper may have been from the same height if the hand was resting on the table/desk for each drop of sodium chloride, however the angles the liquid was dropped and where (on which part of the penny) it was dropped may make a difference in results. It may interfere with the amount of force on the water on top of the penny to cause it to move and overflow. Another error may be with the amount of liquid dispersed on the penny each time (in one squeeze of the dropper) which also associates with the amount of force exerted as the dropper was squeezed. A solution this would be to use a dropper than only disperses a certain amount of liquid at a time (the pressure or force of the squeeze does not make a difference to how much liquid is released). This would provide more accurate results and not create
In this case, it's how many drops I can get onto a penny without the water spilling off. Controlled Variables: These are things that I keep the same throughout all of the experiments to make sure that my results are actually due to the changes in the independent variable, not some other random change you made. I used the same penny and dropper. Procedure:
Add RO water to the 25 ml volumetric flask up to the mark. Put stopper on the flask and shake it properly.
Add 3 more pennies to the 3 pennies on the scale (making it 6 pennies) then record the result.
I think that 0 drops of water will fit on the penny. I feel as soon as you will put a drop of water on the penny it won’t stay, it will spread and eventually spill onto the paper towel.
1.) Measure out 20ml out of the water and place it into a glass beaker
9. I filled the pipette with the soapy water solution and began to start adding drops of the solution to the same penny, from the distance of ½ centimeter, at a rate of one drop per second.
After performing the experiment, the results were that copper pennies have a greater density and mass than the zinc pennies. These results supported my hypothesis of since copper has a greater density than zinc, then the copper pennies will have a greater mass than the zinc pennies. Some errors that occurred during this experiment are the non-precise measurement of the water and how some of the copper pennies had grime on them because they were old. This extra grime caused the mass of the pennies greater. A precise measurement of 15 mL of water and clean copper pennies would improve the experiment and the amount of errors would be
10. As described in problem 7, a procedure was developed to determine the percent zinc in post 1982 pennies. In that procedure 50 ml of an HCl was used to react (dissolve) all of the zinc in the penny. To ensure complete reaction, the solution contains twice as many moles of HCl that is actually needed. To determine the percent zinc in the penny, the excess (unreacted) HCl was titrated with NaOH. Determine the concentration of NaOH needed if you want to use approximately 25 mL of NaOH to titrate the excess HCl.
Thereafter I used a pipette to meticulously drop in water up to the 250ml mark.
the water when the timer went off. Final steps were to stack quarters on the center of the paper towel
Filled two bags with three-quarters of water and one with the salt solution by using the pipette and the pipette pump. Closed carefully with the thread and cut the excess of bag or thread, make sure they are completely sealed before placing them in the beakers. The beakers should be labeled with the crayon and with a pen write down in the paper towel the contents of each beaker and bags respectively to avoid confusions, in the following order. 1) Bag 1 will be filled with distilled water and beaker 1 will be filled with two-thirds of 10% NaCl solution. 2) Bag 2 will be filled with 10% NaCl solution and beaker 2 will be filled with two-thirds of distilled water.
Procedure: Cut top off 2 liter bottle and bottom off another. Fill the one without a top with water and put a
Dispense .5 mL water into the already weighed conical vial, replace cap and face insert on its down side.
8. Repeat step 7 with H2SO4, except that you should use a 10 mL graduated cylinder of H2SO4 and adding 15 mL water.
The independent variable for the experiment was the paper towels. The dependent variable was the absorbency and strength. The constants for the experiment were the size of the paper towels that were used, the amount of water, the size of the beaker, the size of the cylinder and the amount of the weight.