In this section, we present the details of proposed protocol. Our protocol implements the idea of probabilities for cluster heads selection based on initial energy and residual energy of sensor nodes as well as the average energy of the sensor network. Proposed algorithm consider three types of nodes every type have different initial energy level. normal nodes have E_0 energy. m advanced nodes have a times energy more than normal nodes with E_0 (1+a) energy level. m_0 super nodes have b times energy more than normal nodes with E_0 (1+b) energy level, where a and b are energy factors. As N is the number of total nodes in network, then for number of normal nodes, advanced nodes and super nodes N(1-m) , Nm〖(1-m〗_0) and Nmm_0 in the network, respectively. The …show more content…
Therefore, a protocol treat heterogeneity more important than homogenous protocol. Our proposed algorithm implements the same method for estimating the energy in the network as in DEEC [-----]. Since the probabilities calculated depend on the average energy at round r in the network. This average energy estimated as: E ̅(r)=1/N E_total (1-r/R) Total rounds for network life time calculated as: R=E_total/E_round Where E_round energy dissipated during a single round in a network and calculated as: E_round=L(2NE_elec+NE_DA+kE_amp d_(to BS)^4+NE_fs d_(to CH)^2) (1) Where k is number of clusters, d_(to BS) average distance between CH and BS, d_(to CH) is average distance between cluster head and cluster member. Now, d_(to CH)=M/√2πk , d_(to BS)=0.765M/2
Question: Which simple machine requires the least amount of force to lift a 1-kg mass?
The new structure has been given a grant to make its network state of the art by making it a fiber optic network. The topics of discussion that will be mentioned in this paper are the hardware that will be necessary for the inside and outside of the building and how we would expand the fiber to an adjacent building if it is built. Another topic to be discussed will be describing the safety procedures that will be following during the installation.
Table.2 shown the best results of vertical resolution used in shorter pulse duration is better for the higher frequency and very similar for the 1 GHz, 800 MHz and 500 MHz. More which explains why the results obtained in Tables 3 was the same for both frequency. Because of the different materials used in the experiments metallic and wooden bars, the resolution show the metal bars are worsen, due to their higher electromagnetic contrast, amongst other things. The second reflector, so a bigger separation is needed to detect it as discrete events. This effect is more relevant when the reflectors are closer to the antennas and particular for the 500 MHz antenna (Table 3). The horizontal resolution obtained for the 1 GHz and 800 MHz is very similar and much better than for the 500 MHz. As expected, horizontal resolution worsens as the reflectors are moved away from the frequency, mainly because their footprint size gets larger. In radargrams (a) and (b) of Figs. 9, 11 and 13, the
to $0$, $R$ initially decreases from $\infty$ to $\sqrt{2 a_{0}}$ at $r= \sqrt{a_{0}}$ so will increase once
We found the density of the unknown object #6 to be 5.9(g/mL). We then use the table to identify the metal, and the result is that the name of the metal is zinc. Since the density of zinc is 7.14 and that is the closes number to our density, we determine that our unknown object is zinc. Our average density for the unknown liquid #5 is .779(g/mL). The closes density of a known liquid on the table is .792(g/mL), so we concluded that our liquid #5 is cyclohexane which has a density of
The board hardware inputs for A, B, and C are switches SW[2], SW[1], and SW[0], respectively. Add these input pins to your schematic. You will also need the complements of these signals as well and will need to add three not gates. Label the pins and wires as shown below, using Properties to change the names. If you forget how to do this step, refer to the wiring tutorial instructions, included as part 0 of this lab.
This lab provided a virtual environment that simulated a corporate WAN network. Having a similar network environment at the organization I am currently employed at, I have some experience with vulnerability scanning. I do not have much experience using the nmap utility however, so I was interested to get some experience by completing the tasks within this lab. I didn’t experience many challenges following the steps in the lab itself. I was able to launch the environment successfully and perform the steps without any issue. As with any new environment, it took me a little time to figure out the layout of the simulation and how it functioned. After reading the documentation and spending about ten minutes clicking through the different areas, I felt comfortable and began the steps of the lab.
It is critical to resolve the way to calculate the seed for generating the set Se . We use the file id fdi to compute the seed for the document files and index stored in the blind storage system, and the keyword # to calculate the seed for each x[!] by using the b.Build function,and the blocks of index i are different from those of the files. This tiny transform is for the security reasons and does not
In order to avoid this problem, a technique called probability distribution algorithm is introduced. In probability distribution algorithm, the random traffic between the primary network users are analyzed. The nearby nodes behaviors are learnt by the secondary node. The probability of the traffic in the neighboring nodes are studied by the node that tries to transmit data. When the traffic is free then the secondary node establishes the connection. If there is traffic then the secondary node searches for other nodes. Thus the data transmission occurs in this CR
where r0 is the external radius of the pellet, np the number of pellets per unit reactor volume, Mw and ρ are the molecular weight and the density of the reactive solid, respectively.
Step4. Calculate distance from BS to each node for all nodes. for i=1 to n do DBSi = Distance from BS to Si endfor Step5. Calculate the net distance with base station for each node for i =1 to n do NDBSi= DBSi + Di endfor Step6.
This algorithm calculates the shortest path using the bottom-up approach. The Bellman Ford algorithm using a relaxation formula and calculates the path between each edge and iterates for V-1 times using this formula to finally calculate the shortest path. We are assuming that there are no negative weight cycle in the network.
with most extreme number of sensor nodes in each cluster could be accomplished. The weight capacities at every sensor node, which is a blend of various parameters including: residual energy, number of neighbors and transmission control. Basically CFL clustering algorithm is designed for localization in WSNs. It is unable to work when the distribution of sensor nodes are not good.
Authors in [58], introduced an algorithm that exploit the sensor redundancy in the same zone by dividing the network into clusters thus the maintaining of the backbone connectivity can be done by retaining an important set of working nodes and close the redundant ones. Regarding the communication RTCP denotes equivalent nodes based on the connectivity information of one-hop neighbors which causes in reducing the communication overhead and then the scheduling of the nodes is done based on that equivalence. RTCP allows only to the elected node to be active in each cluster. The simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm outperforms some other existing algorithms in terms of power consumptions and
Black nodes are concentrator nodes and white nodes are non-concentrator. If select concentrator nodes and assign each non-concentrator node to exactly one concentrator node. This problem will be referred to as the concentrator location problem that shows in Figure 1.