Nt1310 Unit 1 Research Paper

The idea that the universe had an origin was a result of the discovery of the expansionary universe.[vi] The theoretical groundwork for the expansionary universe theory was conceived, ironically, by Albert Einstein (a firm believer in the infinite and unchanging universe) in his work concerning relativity.[vii] The expansionary universe theory was later confirmed by Edwin Hubble in the 1920’s when he showed through careful observation of the

Albert Einstein of the 1900s “was able to calculate up a formula to show that we can more accurately describe gravity’s action-at-a-distance as a warp in the fabric of space-time, produced by any combination of matter and energy” (64). With that being said, it opened up many minds in the world of astronomy which made it more capable for astronomers to gather up a better understanding of what this blank substance referred to as dark matter is actually

The universe is weird. Its positively maddening how, despite knowing so much, we humans only know four percent of all the knowable stuff the universe has to tell. New discoveries are being made every day about multitudes of subjects. Cures for diseases, new background into the first organisms to inhabit the planet, and new advances in personal technology occur so often that it may be difficult to be shocked by the world around us. However every so often a discovery is made, and an experiment goes perfectly right. The discovery of the Higgs Boson is that experiment. Well, metaphorically speaking it is. The universe and science lend themselves well to hyperbole however the truth is never so simple. The Higgs Boson is the fundamental particle that gives everything mass. The standard model of physics depends on the Higgs Bosons ' existence.

Therefore this formula states that the two galaxy clusters force of gravity between them should remain proportional when divided their combined masses and squaring the distance between the galaxy clusters from their centre point. When analysing the data results, this is shown to be inaccurate, the gravitational force not remaining inversely proportional, instead appearing as too little for the force that is being observably exuded. Therefore, scientists have decided upon alternate explanations for where the additional force is coming from, causing the galaxy clusters accelerated movement. (Newtons Law of Universal Gravity, 2001).

Since the beginning of time itself, large objects have been attracted to one another by a mysterious force. This mysterious force led to the creation of all the galaxies, stars, and life in the universe. Humans have been predicted to have existed for almost 6 million years, and it was only 300 years ago that intelligent life had made an attempt to explain the unknown force. In 1687 a man named Isaac Newton published study called “Discourse concerning Gravity and its Properties”. Newton’s paper described this mysterious force that he called gravity as an invisible force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. About 200 years later, Albert Einstein

are so many different theories some completely proven to be true and some that are so far

Dark energy is said to be the most “profound mystery in all of science”, and has astronomers shocked. The universe consists of 68% dark energy, and about 27% dark matter. Scientists have not yet found what dark matter entirely is, but there are some theories. For almost 20 years, physicists have realized that the expansion of the universe, is moving quicker and quicker. The strange change of speed could result in the mysterious dark energy “stretching the universe.” Therefore, the theories of gravity are put on a hold, causing dark energy to be harder to explain.

Not so fast, physicists filled blackboard after blackboard with mathematical equations to prove that the theory was consistent with the force of gravity. Did not happen. A theory had to be established that was compatible with the gravitational forces in the enormous universe and the microscopic world. The modified theory had to include quantum gravity, a high-frequency, string vibration that would produce a graviton. A graviton is responsible for curving surrounding space. The Super String Theory soon replaced the Not-so-super String Theory. Particle/wave duality of matter and energy on the quantum level joined the mix, boson/fermion partnerships known as supersymmetry brought the wine, quantum gravity served the hors d'oeuvres, and the Mother of all parties got underway.

Isaac Newton, famous for his equations of the forces of the universe, has been put to the test by Einstein himself. Although Newton has found the numbers and equations to describe gravity and the way nature is, he has not figured out how it really works. Einstein noticed this, and learned that space, gravity, and time work together like a Spiral Wishing Well. He says that space is flat with no matter, but when there is matter, like the earth, the fabric of space warps and curves. One must imagine the hole of the Spiral Wishing Well as the earth and the penny rotating around it is like the moon to see how space warps and how the medium that affects gravity is space itself. With this in mind, many other theorists and physicists began to use Einsteins theory to promote their own.

After this discovery, many started to ask where are these other dimensions? A man named Oskar Klein found a way to answer this question in 1926. He stated the dimensions come in two different kinds. One is the dimensions we see with our own eyes, and the others are tiny, minuscule curled up dimensions that we cannot see. This idea reveals that deeply tucked in the fabric of space itself, there could be other dimensions. In result, the theory called the Superstring theory was discovered.

In the mid 1970s, quantum physicists made extreme breakthroughs in the science of combining strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetism. Although this was a huge step forward in finding the ultimate theory, it only described the world of the very small, and did not include the most familiar of these forces, gravity.

Developing a theory of quantum gravity is currently one of the main challenges in theoretical physics. Various approaches predict the existence of a minimum length scale [1, 2] that leads to the modification of the Heisenberg Uncertainty

Through out history, several changes have taken place in physics with the governing equations and fundamental principles being developed by several scientists in a view of understanding the way our universe works or even created. The evolution of physics from relying on the Newtonian Model, to gravity and currently to string theory means that discoveries in particle physics are still ongoing in an effort to reconcile general relativity and quantum mechanics.

Newton thought that it was the force of gravity that acted upon the particles. He also thought that God created the particles and the forces that act upon them.

String theory is a theory that states that the universe is made up of vibrating strings. It is the best candidate for a quantum theory of gravity. String theory attempts to be a theory of everything.