Newton's Laws Of Motion: Breaking Down Castle Walls In The Middle Ages

Trebuchets are most commonly known as medieval weapons used in the Middle Ages. Us three were to build a smaller scale of the trebuchet and had to make sure it hit the target two out of the five times. We had to build a hinged-counter weight type of trebuchet with wheels that could throw a ping pong or golf ball. Through the paper I will explain the history throughout trebuchets and why to have wheels and to have a hinged counter weight on the trebuchet. Also the calculations on the potential energy and velocity are through this report. Our trebuchet met all of the requirements that were to be made and it hit the target three out of the five times. This report will

Objective: Using a marble launcher, launch marbles from different angles with different forces to find the maximum height and the velocity as it leaves the launcher. Using different variables and results to determine how the different angles and amounts of force effect the variables. With this data show the effect the forces cause in 1-D and 2-D motion, as well as in the X and Y directions. This is done through kinematic equations and calculations.

To fire it, the spoke or arm was forced down, against the tension of twisted ropes or other springs, by a windlass, and then suddenly released. As the sling swung outwards, one end would release, as with a staff-sling, and the projectile would be hurled forward. The arm would then be caught by a padded beam or bed, when it could be winched back again. The Onager is usually the first type of catapult

The way a Trebuchet works is that a counter weight drops which pulls the arm forward and at the point of takeoff a pin releases the object that is being projected. The counterweight drops using gravity and is attached to the arm causing it to fly up and launch the object. Engineers have had previous experience in this field because of the world wide trebuchet launching competitions. One example of engineers making this trebuchet are the engineers from team NASAW in the Pumpkin Chunkin ' competition. Team NASAW has a trebuchet with a heavy weight and a long arm. There arm and weight start next to each other at the beginning. The weight drops forward and like a whip the arm swings around and fires the pumpkin into the air at insane speeds. They are one of the top competitors in the competition and have proven countless times that the design works wonderfully.

Isaac Newton is considered one of the most important philosophies (scientist) in history. One of the biggest accomplishments the newton created was discovering the theory of gravity. Defined in the Principia, his theory about gravity helped to explain the movements of the planets and the Sun. This theory is known today as Newton's law of universal gravitation. Also Newton's created the laws of motion were three fundamental laws of physics that laid the foundation for classical

Which, really means that we have used physic for a long time. The base on the opposite ends of the cup the fulcrum. When the action of pulling back where the cup you are creating built up potential energy. However, when the cup is release kinetic energy takes over and allows an object (projectile) to fly in order to hit a potential target. (Canavan, 2017) Catapults Building Procedures Gather all materials needed for building each catapult base shape and put them in order.

The castle was an important aspect of warfare from the 10th to 13th centuries. Castles, particularly in England, played an essential role in warfare because of the power associated with them. Changes in castle defense are represented by two important types of castles: the motte and bailey castle and, later, the concentric castles. As a whole, they became more secure and fluid. Stronger materials were necessary to ensure more powerful weapons could not penetrate the defenses easily.

Compared to the trebuchet, the designs of other siege weapons were lacking in many respects. The most important of these other siege engines included the Greek ballista, the catapult, and variations on the catapult design, such as the Roman onager and mangonel. The ballista's design was very similar to an extremely large crossbow with a guide chute to keep the projectile on path. A large ballista could launch an eight pound stone over 450 yards. It took two men to operate a ballista (Hamper). A standard catapult used the inconsistent strength and weight of men as a source of power. Groups of men had to work to pull down the catapult bar in order to launch the objects. Such catapults could typically throw as much as a fifty pound rock. An onager was type of a catapult with a short arm that would be launched forward by many twisted sinews. Both the onager and the ballista were limited in accuracy and range, because the tightly twisted sinews and ropes continually wore out and needed to be replaced. Likewise, the standard catapult lacked accuracy because of the inconsistent strength and weight of the men who fired it. While all of these siege machines were useful, none of them had the range, or were as powerful, accurate, and widely used as the trebuchet (Gurstelle 18-22).

The physics concepts associated with them are projectile motion, energy, momentum, forces , speeds, and distances. The kinds of catapults all use the same theme of accumulated tension, but acquire that tension in their own way, their own design. The Mangonel catapult for instance, is what most of us think of as the traditional catapult. A large wooden device with four wheels and a spoon that launches fireballs. The Mangonel stores energy much like a spring would, therefore, we use the equation PEspring = 1/2kx^2. The tension in the ropes and arms of the catapult when pulling on its long arm stores potential energy which is transformed into kinetic energy when fired upon.

Moats reduced the risk of tunnelling under the castle. Arrow and Gun Loops these provided a safer means of firing arrows on the attackers of the castle. They are found in many different styles on the curtain wall and towers of the castle. The Motte and Bailey Castles were used as a fortified post for the Cavalry to keep order in the surrounding areas. The castles were intended to intimidate the local population. Should a castle be attacked the success in defending the Motte and Bailey Castles depended on how well the castle had been built - the height and the building materials. Their weapons - the number of arrows and the number of soldiers as opposed to the attacking

Newton’s laws of motion are three physical laws that describe the connection between a body and the different forces acting upon it, as well as its motion in response to those forces. Isaac Newton developed Galileo’s ideas further and developed three law of motions. Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object at rest with remain this way unless if it affected by a force. Also if an object that is moving will continue at the same speed as well as the same direction until an unbalanced force acts upon it. An example of unbalance force is when a scooter is being driven, the friction and air resistance is going at it, the weight of the scooter is keeping the weight on the ground, the reaction force is going up and the thrust of the scooter going forward. The force’s tendency to resist any change in motion is called an object’s inertia. Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that an object will keep on accelerating in the direction of an unbalance force acting upon it. The mass of the object and the size of the force acting depends upon the size of the acceleration., F_net=m x a, is the formula to work out the total amount of force acting upon an object. This formula can be

This picture in the middle ages shows how the side attacking the castle could win by using catapults to knock down the castle, But the side defending the castle, on the other hand, might be able to pull off a win because they have the high ground and protection from castle walls. Based on my observations, I believe that the side defending the castle will take the win.

Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most important scientists in history with Albert Einstein, Aristotle, and Galileo. He was born in Woolsthorpe, England on January 4, 1643 and died March 31, 1727 in London, England. During his lifetime Newton discovered and invented many things, while also studying lots of classic philosophers and astronomers. Newton’s wide range of discoveries formed the basis for modern physics. Not only did he give us the three laws of motion, but he also gave us the origins of color and calculus. These discoveries play big roles in our world today.

Isaac Newton was a scientific genius who helped the world understand many concepts. Isaac Newton is probably most famous for his discovery of the laws of motion which describe gravity for the first time. The laws of motion also described the force of an object depended on two things, mass and acceleration. With Newton’s help the modern world has been able to innovate and invent many things some that during Newton’s time was thought of as impossible. Isaac Newton was a scientific genius who was the first to describe gravity, he wrote three laws of motion, and finally helped modernize the world with the understanding of gravity.

Sir Isaac Newton, an astronomer, mathematician, and a scientist is described to be "one of the greatest names in history of human thought.”  According to biography.com, Newton was born on December 25, 1642 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, and was interested in creating mechanic toys as a young boy (2016). He even invented an impressive, small windmill, which would grind wheat and corn, at a young age. Newton explored beyond the secrets of light and color, found gravity, and even discovered a new form of mathematics, called calculus. It was Newton who had explained why a rock is heavier than a pebble, and how earth's gravity could hold the moon in its orbit. Isaac Newton’s discoveries proved him