NEOPLASIA
Presented by Dr Abudu Emmanuel Kunle (MBBS, M.Sc, FMCPath) Senior Lecturer and Consultant Histopathologist University of Uyo Teaching Hospital,Uyo, Akwa- Ibom State, Nigeria.
Neoplasia means the process of new growth whilst Neoplasm means a new growth. Sometimes, the parenchyma cells stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma, referred to as desmoplasia. Some tumours e.g. some cancers of breast are stony hard or scirrhous. Sarcomas have little connective tissue stroma and so are fleshy. Pseudo tumours: i) An ectopic rest of normal tissue is sometimes called a choristoma e.g a rest of adrenal cells under the kidney capsule or a pancreatic nodular rest in the mucosa of the small intestine may mimic neoplasm.
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Cancer stem cells and cancer cell lineages: cancer stem cells are cells within the tumour that have the capacity to initiate and sustain the tumour. 3) Local invasion: Benign tumours are usually encapsulated except haemangioma while malignant tumours can locally invade and destroy the adjacent tissues. Next to the development of metastases, invasiveness is the most reliable feature that differentiate malignant from benign Tumours. Carcinoma in situ is best seen in tumour of skin, breast, cervix, vagina, in which display the cytologic features of malignancy without invasion of the basement membrane.
a) Biology of tumour growth: Benign and malignant neoplasms contd
4) Metastasis: metastases are tumour implants discontinuous with the primary tumour. All cancers can metastasize except those of glial cells in CNS (Gliomas), and basal cell carcinoma of the skin but they are locally invasive. Pathways of spread: i) Seeding of body cavities and surfaces: esp. carcinoma of ovaries and sometimes mucus-secreting appendiceal carcinoma fill the peritoneal cavity with a gelatinous neoplastic mass referred to as pseudomyxoma peritonei. ii) Lymphatic spread: is the most common pathway for the initial dissemination of carcinomas, and sarcomas as well. The pattern of lymph node involvement follows the routes of lymphatic drainage. A Sentinel Lymph Node is defined as the first node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives
(p133-134, text). * Define metastasis. * Development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor. * Accomplished via lymphatic channels and circulation. * Trace the pathways for the hematologic and lymphatic spread of metastatic cancer cells. Evidence of disseminate disease presence in lymph that drain the tumor area, tumor cells lodge first in the initial lymph node that receives drainage from the tumor site, once in this lymph node cells may die b/c of the lack of a proper environment, remain dormant for unknown reasons, or grow in a discernible mass, If they survive and grow cancer cells, may spread from more distant lymph nodes to the thoracic duct, and the gain access to the blood vasculature, cancer cells may gain access to the blood vasculature from the initial node and more distant lymph nodes by way of tumor-associated blood vessels that may infiltrate the tumor mass. Sentinel
When cancer develops, it typically forms in one part of the body. This site is known as the primary site. Unlike other cells in the body, cancer cells can break away from the primary site and travel to other parts o...
Solid tumors can be either malignant or benign. Malignant solid tumors are cancerous, while benign solid tumors are not. The names of solid tumors vary depending on the cells or tissues that from them. Examples of solid tumors include sarcomas (connective tissues e.g. fat cells, muscles, nerves, tendons etc), carcinomas (begin in tissues that lines the internal surface of the body and body organs e.g. breast, lung, prostrate, and colon), Lymphomas (affects the immune system).
Cancer is defined by the National Cancer Institute as the title given to a group of related diseases. All types of cancer are categorized by uncontrollable growth of cells that metastasize to surrounding tissues. Cancer can develop at almost any part of the human body and anyone can develop cancer, although risk typically increases with age because most cancers tend to require many years to develop. ?Typically, human cells tend to grow and divide and ultimately form new cells as the body needs them. When an organisms cells grow old or get damaged, the cells die, and new ones replace them. However when cancer develops, this orderly process gets reformatted. As cells increasingly get more irregular, old or damaged cells begin to survive when they should die, and new cells develop in the body when there is no need for them. These abnormal cells have the ability to divide without stopping and tend to result in growths called tumors?(cancer.gov). Cancerous tumors are defined as malignant meaning that they can spread to nearby tissues or metastasize to distant places in places within the body and form new cancerous tumors. There are over 100 forms of cancer and they are usually named after the organs or tissues where the cancers originate. Staging of cancer is used when describing the severity of a person?s cancer and is based upon the following
the American Cancer Society there are benign tumors, which are rare and often develop in
Their analysis showed out of 240 cases 93.67% cases were non neoplastic 8.62% cases were neoplastic lesions and malignant lesions were
Harmful tumors require quick regulation and treatment, as threatening developments may grow quickly and metastasize (spread all through the body) at a disturbing rate. Metastases are auxiliary tumors which can show up at any area all through the body, which is an immediate impact of disease spreading by means of blood and lymph hubs.
Having a normal skin type is perhaps what every person desires. Smooth, typically unblemished and characterized with the perfect balance of oil, a normal skin appears plump, firm with very few wrinkles, if there is any. Skin tone and complexion appears even and any redness is often unnoticeable.
The First Amendment of The Constitution is acknowledged to be the guarantor of Freedom of Speech clause in the United States. The same level of recognition Freedom of Speech receives is also given to the controversy that is has created. The ambiguity that revolves around Freedom of Speech has led to question its validity, due to the scope in which each case is presented, most notably at the time in which the United States was experiencing social and political ideologies. Thus, the Supreme Court had the arduous task of intervening and creating measures that would distinguish constitutionally protected speech and speech that would be regulated. The two most important interpretations that have allowed the Supreme Court to distinguish constitutionally
Malignant tumors are harmful to the body and need immediate action. They have an absence of a border and metastasize by growing in different parts of the body once they have traveled throughout the vascular system.
The first difference in malignant and benign tumors is how they invade cell tissue. Malignant tumors in general, have a tendency to penetrate tissues, whereas benign tumors don’t though they can add pressure to organs resulting in organ damage1. A simplified
Breast cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form in the breast tissue. There are many different kinds of breast cancer, which is determined by which cells in the breast that are cancerous. The lobules, ducts, and connective tissue are the three main parts that make up the breast. Most cancer starts in the ducts and lobules with the most common being invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. In invasive ductal the cancer cells grow outside the ducts of the breast into other parts of the breast tissue and may metastasize to other parts of the body. Invasive lobular cancer starts in the lobules of the breast and spreads to the nearby breast tissue or other parts of the body.
This ability of malign cancer to make their way across basement membrane and into blood vessels is what makes cancer so fatal and impossible to be cure by surgery alone. The result of metastasis and invasion in normal tissue by cancer cells are often seen as one of the distinctive features of malignancy (Ruoslahti 1996). Even though the ability of invasion and metastasis are one of the hallmarks for cancer, these abilities are not unique to cancer cells as it can also occur during the early development stage of the embryo, in healthy organisms and in many noncancerous diseases (Mareel & Leroy 2003). It does not matter whenever the organism has developed benign or malign cancer, all cancer cells have the ability to disturb the normal cell cycle and threaten the survival of the organism.
Cancer, as it invades in its place of origin, may also work its way into blood vessels. If this occurs, it provides yet another route for the cancer to spread to other organs of the body. When the cancer spreads elsewhere in the body, it has become systemic in extent and the tumor growing elsewhere is known as a metastasis.
John Milton’s works Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and A Masque Presented at Ludlow Castle all have antagonists that are Milton’s representations of evil. However, when closely examining Satan in Paradise Lost to Paradise Regained it is easily recognizable that Satan’s character has taken a remarkable shift in that he no longer questions his immoral actions just like Comus never questions his actions in A Masque Presented at Ludlow Castle. This close examination brings about the question what’s the difference between being an evil being and a person with bad character? This essay will evaluate how Satan in Paradise Lost is just a bad character whereas Satan in Paradise Regained and Comus are evil