Muscle Fiber Lab Report

The purpose of this lab was to better understand the human body by doing various activities and observing the three different muscle types. The activities were not conducted in order, but we did follow the instructions of each activity. However, there could be deviation since Vivian had allergies and I was sort of sick as well so our result may not be as accurate. By conduction the activities, we were able to analyze the different receptors in the skin and sense—for instance understanding the differences in receptors or taste and smell. Also, we were able to differentiate the three muscle types and observe the striation of the cardiac and skeletal muscle—and observe other differences in muscle types. By noticing that, for instance the tongue has different regions for different taste, we were able to infer that some taste are more important to distinguish than others. Also, by observing the different types of muscle, we were able to discuss the different functions and why the cardiac and skeletal muscle have striation. Lastly, it is important to understand the human body, not

Type II fibres are more susceptible to fatigue than type I fibres because, to begin with type II fibres have smaller and fewer mitochondrion unlike type I fibres that have more and larger mitochondrion, which in return results in greater oxidative enzyme activity, greater utilization of oxygen and will have a greater fatigue resistance compared to fast twitch fibres. Secondly, type II fibres have a lower myoglobin concentration which hinders its ability to store and facilitate oxygen diffusion which will cause type II fibres to fatigue more faster. Another factor is that type I fibres have a much smaller muscle fibre diameter, which means there is a smaller diffusion distance allowing for oxygen to be used faster since it doesn’t have to travel to far, unlike the large type II fibres. The last factor that causes for a large fatigue index being associated with a high percentage of fast twitch fibres is that type I fibres

Szent-Gyorgyi discovered that contraction occurs in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and KCI. The rate of the contraction is capable of increasing by the presence of MgCI2. [1] KCI consists of salt, which is capable of causing muscles to contract in considerable dosages. The dosage given to the rabbit muscle was a fairly adequate amount, resulting in the muscle contraction of muscle strand #2 (which received treatment B). The MgCI2, also known as magnesium chloride solution, is used frequently as a ready-to-go reaction mixture to increase the reaction of experiments and lab studies.

Fast twitch fibers can be an aid to sprinter to quickly engender a lot of force (BUT can switch from fast through increase of training)

It has been said it is not where you start but where you finish. In the sport of weight training there is no finish. Individuals are constantly striving to get bigger, stronger and faster. All bodybuilders have made an effort to put on muscle mass. However, even individuals who get paid to build muscle as a profession, had to have been small at one point. The question is what causes muscle hypertrophy? The answer… is progressive overload of the muscle. Muscle hypertrophy is caused by enhancement of the muscle fibers and muscle cells; which in laymens’s terms, means tearing a muscle fiber so that it may grow back bigger and stronger. There are three significant factors that play a substantial role in muscle building. Training, nutrition, and recovery are the key disciplines that allow weight lifters to reach their desired physique and turn the image in their mind, to the reflection in the mirror.

Elite sprinters can often have a makeup of up to 90% of fast twitch fibres, it helps them to be so fast. Incredibly long-distance competitors can have a make-up of up to 80% of type I (slow twitch fibres). It enables them to conserve energy and allows them to perform at such high intensity for long periods of time without getting tired quickly.

Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data. It is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, from the physical and social sciences to the humanities. Statistics are also used for making informed decisions – and misused for other reasons – in all areas of business and government. Statistical methods can be used to summarize or describe a collection of data; this is called descriptive statistics. In addition, patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations, and then used to draw inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called inferential statistics. Both

They tested whether the addition of low-dose antioxidants influences the growth, quality, and genomic stability of induced pluripotent Stem cells (iPS cells). They found that the iPS cells grew well and ‘‘stemness’’ was preserved up to 2 months with the addition of low-dose antioxidant. However, the addition of low-dose antioxidants lowered the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in iPS cells, it did not influence the expression of 53BP1 and ATM (two molecules involved in DNA damage and repair .Moreover, CGH analysis showed that the levels of genetic aberrations were lowered only by the supplements

Muscles have a mixture of two basic types of fibres. These are fast twitch and slow twitch. (Muscles, 2015). Fast twitch fibres are capable of developing greater forces as well as contract faster and have a larger anaerobic capacity (Muscles, 2015). Whereas slow twitch muscles developing slower forces, are able to contract and maintain muscles contractions for a longer period of time. (Muscles, 2015)

Fast twitch fibres have poor aerobic endurance and are better suited to anaerobic activity such as 100m sprint. Fast twitch fibres also have a larger diameter than slow twitch fibres because they have more myosin filaments in them and it

(2) Some studies demonstrate that conversion of type I fibre to type IIa fibres may occur with combination of high intensity resistance training and short interval speed work and may cause increase in strength and power .(2) Intensity varies according to specifics of sports. Weight lifters use both standard resistance exercises, which include heavy loads, slow velocity movements and explosive type lifts such as snatch and clean and jerk in their training. These lifts allow for use of heavy loads and high velocities simultaneously, thus producing high power outputs. Improvement in both rate of force development and maximal force production has been reported in Olympic weightlifters over the year of training.

Muscular endurance is very important for people playing sports and who have to sustain an activity for long periods of time. Muscular endurance is determined by how well your slow twitch muscle fibers are developed. In case your wondering what slow twitch muscle fibers are, I will explain. There are generally two types of muscle fibers in your body, slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch muscle fibers cannot exert as much force as fast twitch, but can sustain an effort over a much greater period of time. Fast twitch muscle fibers can exert a great amount of force but for a very limited amount of time. Therefore, slow twitch equals endurance, while fast twitch equals strength.

Our skeletal muscle is what generates all of our force to create strength and allow us to move. The three types of muscle contractions are concentric, eccentric, and isometric. In every contraction, the actin and myosin are interacting in the sarcomere to pull the fibers and contract the muscle. The sliding filament theory states that the myosin is actually staying in place, and the actin is contracting together and lengthening apart to create the length-tension relationship. For every contraction to happen, it needs to get energy from somewhere in the body. This can happen either through glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation. While glycolysis can produce ATP faster, oxidative phosphorylation can produce more ATP over a longer period of time to last for a longer amount of time. When you are training in anything, you are training your body to change the way you want it to for what you are trying to accomplish. In modern dance we want our bodies to be able to remain energetic through long performances and be able to do the demanding things we ask it to. To be able to do that a few changes need to occur in the body.

6. ……… ………….. Question??? 1. What is Statistics? 2.

In simple terms, statistics is termed as a branch of mathematics which basically deals with collection of data and its subsequent analysis and interpretation both qualitatively and quantitatively. In most of the cases the data is numerical, but there are also cases when the data is non-numerical such as relationship between objects.